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OUR AUTHORS

ADOHOUNDE YAOVI SYLVESTRE – Assistant, department of foreign languages, Faculty of humanities and social sciences RUDN; Post-graduate student of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Cotonou, Benin.

ARDZINBA D.K. – Рostgraduate student, Institute of Public Administration and Management of the RANEPA, Moscow, Russia.

ARSHIN K.V. – Scientific Secretary, Russian Potato Research Centre, Moscow, Russia.

ALIYEVA L.V. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of National History, Institute of Humanities and Language Communications, Faculty of History, Pskov State University, Pskov, Russia.

BIRYUKOV A.V. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Center for International Information Security and Scientific and Technological Policy of MGIMO of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Leading Researcher, Moscow, Russia.

BOLTENKOVA L.F. – Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia.

BUBNOV A.YU. – Candidate of philosophical sciences, docent, Associate Professor of the Department of history and theory of politics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

DRESVYANIN D.V. – Teaching Assistant of the Department of Media policy and public relations Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University), Moscow, Russia.

DUDAEVA M.V. – Postgraduate student of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO); Research Fellow at the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

DZHAGAEV O.A. – Post-graduate student, Department of diplomacy Moscow State Institute (University) of International Relations, Moscow, Russia.

FALALEEV M.A. – Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Vladivostok, Russia.

FILIMOMOV S.V. – Postgraduate Student of Chair for Methodology of Teaching History and Social Science in Ryazan State University Named after S.A. Yesenin, Ryazan, Russia.

GEKHT A.B. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate professor, the Head of department of history and region studies The Bonch-Bruevich Saint Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

GONCHAROV A.S. – Bachelor Institution of Higher Education «Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute», Stavropol, Russia.

GONCHAROVA T.V. – Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Berdyansk State Pedagogical University, Berdyansk, Ukraine.

GUREEVA E.V. – Student of the master’s degree at the Department of Political Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.

HONKIN S.N. – Postgraduate student of Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin, Ryazan, Russia.

ILIASOV L.M. – Candidate of Philology, Applicant for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.

KHOLODKOVA N.V. – Post-graduate student of the Department of Earth Sciences of Institute of the World Ocean of Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

KLIMOVA E.A. – Master's degree student, State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education of the City of Moscow "Moscow City Pedagogical University", Russia, Moscow.

KOLPAKOV M.V. – Student of the master’s degree at the Department of Political Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.

KOMPLEEV A.V. – Candidate of historical sciences, docent, associate Professor of the Department of history and theory of politics, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

KOSTRIKOV S.P. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of Sociology, Psychology of Management and History, State University of Management, Moscow, Russia.

LUCHKO YU.V. – PhD candidate, Department of Theory and History of International Relations, RUDN University; Leading Specialist of the Educational and Scientific Institute for Comparative Educational Policy, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia.

MAIOUET MAROUANE – Masters at the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

MEKHTIEVA M.A. – Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

MENSHIKOV P.V. – Ph.D. in History, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Media Policy and Public Relations, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University), Moscow, Russia.

МOISEEV А.N. – Candidate of Military Sciences, Associate Professor, Doctoral student at the Chair of history, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia.

МOISEEVA Т.А. – Candidate of Sciences (history), Associate Professor at the Chair of law, Syzran Branch of the Samara State University of Economics, Syzran, Russia.

MUKHAMEDOV R.A. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of History of the Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia.

NECHAY E.E. – Candidate of Political Science, Assistant Professor, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

NESTERCHUK O.A. – Doctor in Political Science, Professor, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University); Professor, Department of Political Science and Political Management, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

OSINYUK V.A. – Postgraduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

OSKIN N.N. – Candidate of technical sciences, senior researcher at the military institute (national defense administration) of the Military academy of the General staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

OUARITNI HOUSSAM – Master degree, Department of Theory and History of International, Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

PASECHNIKOV А.А. – Postgraduate student at the Chair of history and social sciences, Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin, St. Petersburg, Russia.

PASHKIN A.G. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia.

PLATONOV A.P. – Applicant for PhD, Department of Theory of Law and Comparative Jurisprudence MGIMO MFA of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

POGARTSEV V.V. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor Pacific State University, Department of Philosophy and Cultural Studies, Khabarovsk, Russia.

POSPELOV N.V. – Postgraduate student of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

PYZH V.V. – Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor of the Chair of social and humanitarian sciences named after V.U. Ageevets, P.F. Lesgaft NSU of Physical Culture, Sports and Health; expert of the Joint Commission under the IPA CIS on the harmonization of legislation in the field of security and countering new challenges and threats, St. Petersburg, Russia.

ROMANOVА YU.A. – Postgraduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

RUCHKIN A.A. – Graduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of History, Department of pre-19th century Russian history, Moscow, Russia.

RZAYEVA SAMA – PhD in Political Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan.

SITDIKOVA N.A. – Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Vladivostok, Russia.

SYZDYKOVA ZH.S. – Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia.

TERESHCHENKO O.V. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, professor Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia.

TIMOFEEV V.V. – PhD student at the Department of American Studies, School of International Relations, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

TULIMONAS A.N. – Student of the Master's degree in pedagogical education, Institute of Humanities and Language Communications, Faculty of History, Pskov State University, Pskov, Russia.

USHMAEVA K.A. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia.

VOSKOBOINIKOVA K.V. – Graduate, Department of Russian History, Moscow City University Institute of Humanities, Moscow, Russia.

Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 12. Issue 1 (82), 2022

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Ivanova T.N., Omelchenko E.A. Ethnic Diversity of Russia End XX – Beginning XXI Century: to Aspects of Theoretical and Methodological Analysis
Galdobina S.V., Pimenov D.N. Concerning the Question of Muslim Commanding Personnel Training Relevance in the Modern Russian Army
Ushmaeva K.A., Tereshchenko O.V., Goncharov A.S. Actual Folklore and Folk Poetry of the Stavropol Cossacks in the First Half of the XX Century
Yagudina O.V., Tomina E.F. Old Believers and the State: the History of Relations in the Reign of Alexander II
Pokasov V.F., Anuprienko I.A., Malyavina G.I., Goncharov A.S. Historical and Sociocultural Concepts of the Five Helinist Schools
Satsuta S.A. The Regulatory Framework and Organizational Structure of Cultural and Educational Work in the Red Army in 1918-1920 (Based on the Materials of the Middle Volga Region)
Iliasov L.M. On Interconnection of Architectural and Religious Traditions of the People Lived in the Mountainous Part of Chechnya in the Medieval Centuries
Voskoboinikova K.V. Influence of the Civil War on the Fates and Views of the Schenovekhovshield
Soshko I.A. History of the Formation and Development of Small Business in the Territory of the Chuvash Republic in the 1990s
Omelchenko E.A. Issues of Integration of Migrants into Russian Society by Means of Education: Review of Literature in the Early 2000s
Morgunov K.G. Features of the Physical Development of the Urban Space by the Bolsheviks in 1918-1921 on the Example of Moscow

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Boltenkova L.F. Hymn to the Lord God (Philosophical and Religious Research in Several Articles). Article One

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Ananchenko A.B., Glukhov A.P., Nikulin E.R. Features of the Civil World View of the Youth of the Rostov Region: Value Profile and the Specificity of Political Behavior
Tonkikh A.P. Historical Patterns of the Consequences of a Long Stay in Power of the First Person of the Country
Ananchenko A.B., Glukhov A.P. Political Youth Tracks: Images of the Future, Political Activism, Loyalty and Protest (On The Experience Of The Western Siberian Region)
Krylova E.G. Interviews of Politicians with Bloggers
Tarasochkina D.D., Zryaeva E.S., Nechay E.E. Volunteering in Political Parties: the Example of the Political Party «New People»

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

Malakhov A.A. The Causes of Poverty as a Moral Foundation and Justification of the State Social Policy to Combat Poverty

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Syzdykova Zh.S., Belova L.V. Youth Policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan: State and Trends
Baranova N.S., Slizov A.O. On the History of Russian-German Relations
Goncharova T.V., Goncharov A.S. Eastern Beliefs and Teachings’ Mental Model. Experience in Historical Reconstruction According to Histoire des Mentalités Tradition of Carlo Ginzburg and Roger Chartier
Morozov V.M., Shebalina E.O. The Current State of Russian-Pakistani Relations
Ran Ling. Chinese Emigration to Russia in Soviet-Chinese Relations 1917-1931
Vangraua Rita, Obi Sylvester. Women's Movements in Africa and their Relations with the Authorities in Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso
Vlasenko K.A. Integration Processes on Post-Soviet Space and the Concept of New Eurasionism
Vlasov A.V. Impact of the Use of Public Diplomacy on Ensuring the Information Security of the State
Dobromyslov A.S. Political Aspects of China's Demographic Development
Dronov M.V. NATO Information Preparation for the Invasion of Libya in 2011

STUDENT SCIENCE

Akhanova F.Zh. Current Trends in the Development of International Trade
Baranova Y.V., Leonova A.A., Pham Thi Minh Huen. Comparative Analysis of the Modern Maritime Policy of the USA, China and the Russian Federation
Chitaev N.E., Zimina V.V. History of the Suklem Monastic Community
Semochkina A.S. Song Jiaoren’s View on Agricultural Issues: Theory and Practice

REFLECTIONS ON READING

Slizovskiy D.E., Medvedev N.P. Afterword by Reviewers to the Article by A.P. Tonkikh “Historical Patterns of the Consequences of a Long Stay in Power of the First Person of the Country”

CONFERENCE

Syzdykova Zh.S. International Scientific and Practical Conference Dedicated to the 80th Anniversary of the Battle of Moscow

Our authors № 1-2022

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.001

T.N. IVANOVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Cheboksary, Russia

E.A. OMELCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

ETHNIC DIVERSITY OF RUSSIA END XX – BEGINNING XXI CENTURY: TO ASPECTS OF THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

In the modern conditions of globalization and internationalization of culture, the problems of the development of ethnic groups and the preservation of their originality acquire special relevance. There is a need for an adequate response to the emerging challenges, which, on the one hand, are associated with threats of assimilation and Westernization, and on the other, with the danger of growing nationalist sentiments and a tendency towards isolationism. Therefore, it is important to study the historical experience of interaction between nationalities in the conditions of the centuries-old functioning of a multi-ethnic society that has formed within the framework of Russian statehood. It is rather difficult to study the peculiarities of the development of ethnic groups living on the territory of Russia in the late XX - early XXI centuries. For this, scientists turn to the theoretical and methodological base, which in recent years has often been interdisciplinary in nature. Nevertheless, when analyzing the ethnic diversity of Russia, one should, first of all, adhere to the fundamental principles of historical science (historicism, objectivity, etc.). The scientific and theoretical basis of the problem should also be based on special scientific methods of cognition, which are the main means of solving research problems. These include comparative historical, statistical and other methods. At the same time, the methods of sociocultural, ethnological, historical and anthropological analysis should also be used. The problem of ethnic diversity in Russia at the end of XX – beginning of XXI century is largely associated with migration processes, the formation of enclave groups that require separate study, taking into account the emerging ethno-confessional conflicts and processes of intercultural adaptation. When revealing the development of the diversity of ethnic groups, methodological approaches to key concepts and terms (acculturation, socio-cultural adaptation, integration) are also important. Any study of ethnic groups, their mutual influence and integration prompts the appeal to such a concept as "national mentality", which has different approaches to its definition. Without taking into account the national mentality, it is rather difficult to study the ethnic diversity of Russia, especially in the difficult period of social changes and active integration interaction at the end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century. In the Conclusion of the article, the authors come to the conclusion that, when studying the diversity of ethnic groups living on the territory of Russia, first of all, it is important to determine the methodology, terminology and conceptual apparatus. The opinion of the scientific world can help the development and implementation of a competent national policy in the country, orienting towards the formulation of a list of necessary measures and an indication of the target audience to which these measures should be directed.

Key words: ethnic diversity, nationality policy, Russia in the late XX – early XXI century, theoretical and methodological analysis, terminology, concepts of apparatus.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.002

S.V. GALDOBINA Doctor of Sciences (history), Professor, Professor of department of history, At the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

D.N. PIMENOV Adjunct of department of history, At the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

CONCERNING THE QUESTION OF MUSLIM COMMANDING PERSONNEL TRAINING RELEVANCE IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN ARMY

The article discusses relevant military national commanding personnel training development aspects in the city of Kazan during the evolvement of the Soviet Army. It is shown that commanding courses played a significant role in the victory of the Red Army during the Civil War. The great contribution of the courses to the system of military education of the Soviet Republic was noted. Commanding personnel training experience at Muslim commanding courses, despite the relatively short functioning term, can be applied in modern conditions within training commanding personnel for the Russian Armed Forces and other security services.

Key words: national security, Russian Armed Forces, war in Syria, Muslim military personnel, national formations, commanding personnel, training, Kazan Muslim infantry commanding courses, Kazan Muslim cavalry commanding courses.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.003

K.A. USHMAEVA Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

O.V. TERESHCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, professor Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

ACTUAL FOLKLORE AND FOLK POETRY OF THE STAVROPOL COSSACKS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE XX CENTURY

This article is devoted to the study of the most relevant forms of folklore, songs of the Cossacks of the Stavropol Territory, formed or adapted in the first half of the 20th on the basis of the materials of the State Archives of the Stavropol Territory. The relevance of the research topic lies in the need for a private study of the song tradition of the Stavropol Cossacks in the framework of expanding the understanding of the spiritual culture of the North Caucasian region (1918-1937s) and Ordzhonikidze region (1937-1943s). The practical significance of the study is due to the possibility of using the materials of the work in the further study of the folklore of individual villages and cities of Stavropol during the formation of the USSR and the first five-year plans. The methodological component of the research allows using the main results when conducting classes on «History of Russia of the XX century» in a higher educational institution. During the study, we used the following methods. General scientific: interpretation, analysis and synthesis of data, inductive method, deductive method, comparison. Special-historical methods: the narrative method, the historical-comparative method, the historical-typological method, the structural method, the historical-systemic method, the method of historical periodization, the reconstructive method, the retrospective method, the historical-dynamic method, the method of diachronic analysis, the method of actualizing historical knowledge. Sociological methods: document analysis, ideal types method. Based on the totality of the methods used, we adhere to a sociocultural approach. The result of the study was to determine the role of the actual folklore and song culture of the Stavropol Cossacks in the formation of a new socio-cultural system in the 1920-1930s.

Key words: Stavropol, Cossacks, folklore, song, actualization, adaptation, theme.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.004

O.V. YAGUDINA PhD (Historical), Associate Professor of the Department of History of the Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia

E.F. TOMINA PhD (Pedagogical), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of History of the Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia

OLD BELIEVERS AND THE STATE: THE HISTORY OF RELATIONS IN THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER II

The basic principles of confessional policy were laid down throughout the XVIII century, when our state, which had grown significantly geographically, became a multinational and multi-confessional empire.

The purpose of this study is to trace how various laws adopted in the period of the 60-80s in the Russian Empire influenced the lives of Old Believers.

The task of the study is to determine how the legislative framework of the Russian Empire has changed in relation to the life of Old Believers.

The research is based on classical methods of historical science: comparative historical, retrospective.

It can be concluded that the results of the Era of "Great Reforms in the period 1855-1881 did not significantly change the social conditions among which millions of Old Believers had to live. For the schismatics, they still remained pre-reform. Persecution was no longer systematic, as under Nicholas I, but exile and arrest for religious crimes were quite common.

Persecution was no longer systematic, as under Nicholas I, but exile and arrest for religious crimes were quite common.

The determining factors in the evolution of religious movements in the second half of the XIX century were "the growth of capitalism and the bourgeoisie and the emancipation of the peasantry in 1861." The first factor contributed to the "final crystallization of the Old Believer bourgeois church," which began to compete successfully with the official church. The second factor, which accelerated social differentiation in the peasant world, led to the emergence of new religious systems and forms. The two main Old Believer organizations remained the main ones: the Rogozhsky Popovsky union and the Pomeranian Bespopov consent. The Old Believers of the Rogozhsky Cemetery possessed powerful economic resources. This organization, formed during the reign of Catherine II, eventually became the center of the Belokrinitsky Accord. Community ties were used for commercial purposes. The Popovtsy of the central and Volga chernozem provinces supported the grain trade, and the Don and Ural popovtsy engaged in the fish trade.

Key words: politics, legislation, church, orthodoxy, schismatics, old believers.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.005

V.F. POKASOV Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

I.A. ANUPRIENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

G.I. MALYAVINA Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

HISTORICAL AND SOCIOCULTURAL CONCEPTS OF THE FIVE HELINIST SCHOOLS

This article is devoted to the analysis of historicisms, historical concepts, theories and concepts in the Hellenistic philosophical tradition. The course of the research is based on establishing the peculiarities of understanding history, the historical process by representatives of the five classical schools of the Hellenistic era. The relevance of the study lies in the need for a private study of the historical concepts of cynicism, skepticism, epicureanism, stoicism and neoplatonism as a philosophical reflection on the specifics of the development of the Hellenistic world. The practical significance is due to the possibility of using the materials of the work in the further study of historical concepts that were formed in the Hellenistic period. In the methodological aspect, the materials of the work are of interest for analyzing the essence, features and main directions of understanding the Hellenistic society by popular writers and philosophers. Scientific novelty is expressed in a new look at historicisms in the categories of Hellenistic philosophy as independent concepts, the essence of which was an attempt to comprehend changes in the surrounding world, a synthesis of Eastern and European values. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the historical concepts of representatives of the classical Hellenistic schools of kinism, skepticism, epicureanism, stoicism and neoplatonism. The result of this research is a detailed study of all key historicisms, historical concepts that have formed and entrenched in the Hellenistic world.

Key words: history, concept, cynicism, skepticism, epicureanism, stoicism, neoplatonism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.006

S.A. SATSUTA Candidate of the Department of History of the Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL WORK IN THE RED ARMY IN 1918-1920 (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION)

The author of the article examines the regulatory framework and organizational structure of cultural and educational work in the Red Army in 1918-1920, analyzes the problems of eliminating illiteracy among the Red Army soldiers of military units stationed on the territory of the Middle Volga region, reveals the difficulties in solving the tasks. Realizing that the success of the political education of the Red Army depends on the educational and cultural level of the personnel, the political and military leadership has done a lot of work to eliminate illiteracy and improve the educational level of the Red Army. It is concluded that the leaders of the young Soviet republic understood that without the adoption of appropriate regulatory documents, it is impossible to create a system of cultural and educational work in the army, to consolidate in it the main areas of activity not only in the field of training, but also the education of personnel.

Key words: Red Army, Volga Military District, Simbirsk garrison, regulatory framework, cultural and educational work, literacy schools, Red Army soldiers, cultural level.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.007

L.M. ILIASOV Candidate of Philology, Doctoral student, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Science Moscow, Russia

ON INTERCONNECTION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS OF THE PEOPLE LIVED IN THE MOUNTAINOUS PART OF CHECHNYA IN THE MEDIEVAL CENTURIES

The article is devoted to the issues of the relationship between the architectural forms of medieval buildings in Chechnya with the religious and mythological ideas of its population. This interdependence was typical for many regions of the world and persisted for a long time, in some cases leading to the conservation of certain traditions of folk architecture. Since ancient times, a person has tried to protect his home not only from external danger, but also from hostile forces hidden in the natural element, which has always caused fear in him. For this, he used certain technologies and sacred symbols. Ancient agricultural cults of heaven and earth, four cardinal points, four elements, four seasons had a significant impact on the specifics of architectural structures, not only religious buildings, but also dwellings and fortifications.

Key words: medieval architecture, religious cults, magic, Chechen people, towers, cult buildings, tomb monuments, petrogliphs.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.008

K.V. VOSKOBOINIKOVA Graduate, Moscow City University Institute of Humanities, Department of Russian History, Moscow, Russia

INFLUENCE OF THE CIVIL WAR ON THE FATES AND VIEWS OF THE SCHENOVEKHOVSHIELD

The article examines the impact of the civil war on Russian political emigration taking “smenovekhovstvo” as an example. “Smenovehovstvo” is a unique phenomenon. Even though the main representatives of the trend have left their homeland and were forced to move to other countries, they did not join the anti-Bolshevik struggle. The impact of the civil war on the ideological and political foundations of the “smenovekhovstvo” is enormous, the civil war has become a turning point in the minds of the Smenovekhovites. Largely under the influence of the civil war, the Smenovekhovites became the exponents of all their ideas.

Key words: Civil War, smenovekhovstvo (translation: change of milestones), Smenovekhovites, N.V. Ustryalov, N.G. Dikoi, Russian political emigration, National Bolshevism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.009

I.A. SOSHKO Senior Lecturer at the Department of Financial Law, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Cheboksary, Russia

HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC IN THE 1990S

Modern conditions of the economic life of the Russian state are inextricably linked with entrepreneurial activity. With the recognition of entrepreneurship as an important tool for social transformation, the number of publications on this issue has increased dramatically. But in order for small business to become a real strategic resource, it is necessary to correctly understand and adequately evaluate its essence and stages of formation. In this regard, it is very important to understand the history of the formation and development of small business, the roots of which go back to the late 1980s – 1990s. More clearly, this process can be traced within a particular region of the country, such as, in particular, the Chuvash Republic. During this period, there was a dynamic growth of small business in the Russian Federation and the Chuvash Republic. It should be noted that already in 1988, 3.4 thousand people in Chuvashia were engaged in self-employment. There was an active work on the modernization of the legislative base in the field of economic development of the country. In the 1990s legislative documents had a more systematic and accessible nature of presentation. Thus, in 1996, a new version of the Law of the Chechen Republic "On state support for small businesses in the Chuvash Republic" and the Law of the Chechen Republic "On the introduction in the Chuvash Republic of a simplified system of taxation, accounting and reporting for small businesses" were adopted. Also, in 1996, the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic "On approval of measures for the development and revival of traditional arts and crafts of the Chuvash Republic for 1997-1999" was adopted. Along with individual labor activity, cooperation has become the main way to legalize entrepreneurial activity. By the spring of 1989, almost 400 cooperatives were operating in Chuvashia. From 1992 to 1995, the number of small enterprises in Chuvashia increased almost 1.8 times; the number of people employed in small business in 1995 amounted to about 41.5 thousand people. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that what in the 1990s. The contribution of small business to the economy of the Chuvash Republic has become more and more significant every year. This was manifested both in absolute terms – an increase in the total number of small businesses and the number of employees working in this area, and in relative terms – an increase in the share of employees of small enterprises in the total number of people employed in the economy of the republic.

Key words: economic history, small business, Chuvash Republic, public administration.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.010

E.A. OMELCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia

ISSUES OF INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS INTO RUSSIAN SOCIETY BY MEANS OF EDUCATION: REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN THE EARLY 2000S

The versatility of the problem of adaptation and integration of migrants of other ethnicities by means of education encourages researchers to delve deeper into certain aspects of the topic. Migration processes that came to the post-Soviet period of Russia's development have taken a special place in publications of a historical and ethnographic orientation. A wide range of scientific papers and different points of view of scientists on the problem allows the author of the article to highlight a number of thematic blocks. The first block of historiography concerns the primary development of the methodology and conceptual apparatus within the framework of the chosen subject. The second one is devoted to the problem of the impact of migration on demographic development and political and legal aspects taking place in individual countries and in the world as a whole as a result of the influence of migration processes. The third block of studies is devoted to the problem of interaction between foreign migrants and the host society from the point of view of its potential for conflict. The fourth block of research is aimed at studying the issues of adaptation and integration of migrants depending on the purpose of their stay in a new place of residence. The fifth block of historiography includes studies that consider the adaptation strategies of migrants in the context of broader problems of the state's migration policy. The sixth block includes works centered on the issue of interethnic tolerance, the formation and correction of ethnic stereotypes and attitudes of civic identity, closely linked to the solution of issues of adaptation and integration of migrants of other ethnicities. The seventh block includes studies, the main purpose of which is the analysis and generalization of international experience in the field of integration of ethnic migrants. The eighth block includes the works of specialists in the field of pedagogy and highlights the problems of the so-called "migration pedagogy".

Key words: historiography, migration, integration of migrants, Russian society, educational means.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.011

K.G. MORGUNOV Graduate student, the Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN SPACE BY THE BOLSHEVIKS IN 1918-1921 ON THE EXAMPLE OF MOSCOW

Right after October 1917, the Bolshevik party took up reforms that directly affected both the people themselves and the urban space. This period characterized by extraordinary energy in solving the assigned goals on the part of the authorities. However, this energy has not always contributed to the acceleration in the implementation of regulations. In this article, we tried to consider the process of the Bolsheviks' development of physical urban space using the example of Moscow, drawing on the archival documents of the district Soviets.

Key words: Moscow, everyday life, Civil war, physical space, municipalization.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.012

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

HYMN TO THE LORD GOD (PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS RESEARCH IN SEVERAL ARTICLES) Article One

Starting from the content of the Constitutional norm about God (part 2 of Article 67' of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and analyzing the provisions of the Bible, religious-theological and philosophical literature, the author reveals the concepts of God, Hymn to the Lord God and forms of God glorification. Considering these concepts, the process of glorifying God is investigated.

Key words: God, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Bible, Hymn, thank the Lord God.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.013

A.B. ANANCHENKO Candidate of Historical Sciences, Director of the Institute of History and Politics of the Moscow Pedagogical State University, Head of the Department of Contemporary Russian History of the Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia

A.P. GLUKHOV PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and methods of teaching economics, Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia

E.R. NIKULIN Master's student at the Institute of History and Politics, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

FEATURES OF THE CIVIL WORLD VIEW OF THE YOUTH OF THE ROSTOV REGION: VALUE PROFILE AND THE SPECIFICITY OF POLITICAL BEHAVIOR

The article is devoted to the study of the features of value preferences and acceptable forms of political participation of the youth of the Rostov region. With the help of a hybrid model of methods of in-depth interviews and focus group surveys, we have identified the value attitudes of this age category in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, the socio-political needs of young people, as well as the motives and scenarios of political participation that are acceptable to them. When implementing the developed methodology, the following features of the studied age group were revealed: its homogeneity, predominantly apolitical and conventional format of interaction within the framework of political activity.

Key words: age group, Rostov region, political behavior, value orientations, socio-political request, protest activity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.014

A.P. TONKIKH Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Methods of Primary Education and Pedagogical Management, Bryansk State University named after Academician I.G. Petrovsky, Bryansk, Russia

HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF A LONG STAY IN POWER OF THE FIRST PERSON OF THE COUNTRY

The article studies the historical patterns of succession of the first person of the country. Special attention is paid to the situation in the country after a long reign of the first person (tsar, emperor, president, prime minister, general secretary of the party, etc.). Based on the analyzed historical facts, it is concluded that there is a law of historical development which can be entitled: “The law on the consequences of a long stay in power of the first person of the country.” The essence of the law is as follows. After a long reign of one person, there comes either a “leapfrog of power” (frequent change of top officials), an instability of the political system: mass popular unrests of a political or economic nature (strikes, armed riots, pogroms, and uprisings), or even a civil war. Some of the consequences of such a rule may manifest themselves in parallel, that is, simultaneously, and some sequentially one after the other.

Key words: historical facts, the first person of the country, stay in power, regularity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.015

A.B. ANANCHENKO PhD in History, Director of the Institute of History and Politics Moscow Pedagogical State University, Head of the Department of Modern Russian History Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia

A.P. GLUKHOV PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and Methods of Teaching Economics, Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia

POLITICAL YOUTH TRACKS: IMAGES OF THE FUTURE, POLITICAL ACTIVISM, LOYALTY AND PROTEST (ON THE EXPERIENCE OF THE WESTERN SIBERIAN REGION)

In recent years in Russia, young people have declared themselves as an independent political force, possessing a certain political subjectivity and showing visible political activism. The article is devoted to the description of value attitudes, political values and images of the political future in the minds of young people in their influence on political activism, political participation and political mobilization ranging from political loyalty to political protest in the region of Western Siberia. The moderators used “soft” methods of qualitative research, primarily focus groups, as well as in-depth interviews, allowing to hear the authentic “voice” of young people themselves. Young people living in Tomsk and Novosibirsk took part in focus groups and in-depth interviews. According to the results of the study, with a significant demand of young people for political change and transformation and potentially high political activism, limited participation was noted mainly in ceremonial forms of political involvement. The consensus characteristics of the supposed socio-political image of the future for young people is the symbiosis of Soviet and liberal projects, tradition and innovation, values of freedom and order, ideas of social justice and legal equality. Contrary to the media image of “protesting youth,” the segment of millennials dissatisfied with the government who are ready to take active protest actions is small. A significant increase in the ceremonial political involvement of young people does not automatically lead to an increase in real political activism in conventional forms. A serious barrier is the lack of any mass experience of social and civic activism and the scarcity of formats of legal political participation, as well as social lifts for young people offered by the elites of society. Ensuring the political loyalty of young people through great opportunities for political involvement and participation in significant decision-making as an alternative to unconventional political protest is an urgent strategic task of the authorities and political elites.

Key words: youth, political activism, political participation, images of the future, political loyalty, protest activity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.016

E.G. KRYLOVA Graduate student, the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia

INTERVIEWS OF POLITICIANS WITH BLOGGERS

In modern Russia, bloggers and social networks have recently become perceived by politicians as a tool for promoting their political program and shaping the image of the party. The basis for the development of interest in social networks among politicians is the development of such a direction as influencers – bloggers who have a large number of subscribers and admirers who are committed to the opinion of the blogger himself and support him in his views and beliefs. At the same time, the most effective way of political propaganda through bloggers is to conduct open interviews with leaders of political parties. At the same time, one of the main features of using bloggers for politicians is that bloggers will interview only representatives of opposition parties and opposition politicians, since the ruling and dominant parties and their representatives are not ready for provocative questions that, as it turned out, come from bloggers in interviews, as well as questions that undermine the authority of the ruling party, which in turn is due to the unwillingness to engage in dialogue with the people on new platforms.

Key words: politics, public PR, influencers, influencer marketing, blogger, interview.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.017

D.D. TARASOCHKINA Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

E.S. ZRYAEVA Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

E.E. NECHAY Academic Advisor, Candidate of Political Science, Assistant Professor, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

VOLUNTEERING IN POLITICAL PARTIES: THE EXAMPLE OF THE POLITICAL PARTY «NEW PEOPLE»

Volunteer activity is one of the forms of manifestation of civic activity, which can become an impulse for the development of civil society in modern Russia. Political volunteering is an important direction in the implementation of the youth policy of the Russian Federation, people with an active civic position, initiative, possessing certain internal characteristics (a positive outlook on life, orientation to social values, kindness, sociability, responsibility) realize themselves in it. That is why the question arises about the need to develop social activity of young people in the form of political volunteering. The purpose of the study is to examine the practice of volunteering in political parties on the example of the regional headquarters of the party "New People" in Primorsky Krai. In the course of the work, the following tasks were performed: the regulatory and legal regulation of volunteering in the Russian Federation was analyzed, the structure and practice of volunteering in the regional branch of the political party "New People" was considered. The authors used systemic and structural-functional approaches to determine the essence, functions and prospects of political volunteering. The analysis of volunteer activity in political parties carried out in the work showed that volunteers are becoming more and more in demand in politics, and the "New People" Party.

Key words: volunteer movement, political parties, principles of volunteering, civic participation, political socialization, youth, volunteering, social projects.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND SECTORAL POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.018

A.A. MALAKHOV Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Potato Research Center named after A.G. Lorch", Moscow, Russia

THE CAUSES OF POVERTY AS A MORAL FOUNDATION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE STATE SOCIAL POLICY TO COMBAT POVERTY

Poverty is analyzed as an economic, social, moral and ethical phenomenon. It is shown that poverty and need in the modern world are understood and should be understood primarily as an attribute of the natural, pre-political state of a person. In the political state, in accordance with the social contract, a person has the right to be protected from poverty by the state. It is argued that the absence of poverty and the attention of society to poverty is a social norm. It is emphasized that the goals of the anti-poverty policy are determined by the moral and ethical aspect of poverty, but the content and objectives of the anti-poverty policy are related to how the state understands the nature and causes of poverty.

Key words: poverty, state policy, natural state, social contract, political condition, poverty criteria, social protection, democracy.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.019

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

LV. BELOVA Student Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

YOUTH POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: STATE AND TRENDS

Currently, the Republic of Kazakhstan (RK) is at the initial stage of demographic aging. There are also a number of challenges that exist among young people, first of all, we are talking about the blurring of values, the cult of consumption, distortion of the idea of the value of work, radicalization, lack of youth leaders. It is emphasized that it is necessary to develop a youth policy program. Modern youth of the Republic of Kazakhstan has a high level of literacy. It is observed that there is a noticeable search in the country for forms and methods adequate to the time and capabilities of the republic, taking into account world practice.

Key words: Kazakhstan, youth, politics, education.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.020

N.S. BARANOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Master of Jurisprudence, Associate Professor of International Law of the Buryat State University named after Dorzhi Banzarov, Ulan-Ude, Russia

A.O. SLIZOV Master's Student of the Department of International Law Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia

ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN-GERMAN RELATIONS

The article is devoted to the history of the formation and development of international relations between Russia and Germany. It analyzes the main stages of this cooperation, raises acute problems of our days.

Key words: Russia, Germany, political cooperation, foreign policy, international treaty, European Union.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.021

T.V. GONCHAROVA Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Berdyansk State Pedagogical University, Berdyansk, Ukraine

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor Institution of Higher Education «Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute», Stavropol, Russia

EASTERN BELIEFS AND TEACHINGS’ MENTAL MODEL. EXPERIENCE IN HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION ACCORDING TO HISTOIRE DES MENTALITÉS TRADITION OF CARLO GINZBURG AND ROGER CHARTIER

This article is devoted to the study of the theoretical, methodological, conceptual and hermeneutic foundations of the study of the mental model of Eastern beliefs and teachings, their genesis and development. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing interest in the peculiarities of the mental complex of eastern countries in historical retrospect. The search for a unified mental model of the emergence of eastern beliefs can provide the historian with the opportunity for a more detailed analysis of the spiritual sphere of a particular eastern country in a specific historical period, taking into account the peculiarities of the methodology of the Annals school. The practical significance is due to the possibility of using research materials in the study of a specific oriental belief on the example of the emergence of new value attractors and social norms in the mentality of the people. The source base of the research is represented by a complex of scriptures and collection of the main sacred texts selected for the study of beliefs. The methodological apparatus includes the following special-historical methods: the narrative method, the ideographic method, the historical-genetic method, the historical-system method, the historical-typological method, the historical-comparative method, the method of historical modeling, the retrospective method, the reconstructive method, the structural method, functional method, historical-dynamic method, diachronic analysis method, method of actualizing historical knowledge. The result of the study was the discovery of common value attractors and social norms inherent in all Eastern beliefs and teachings, as well as the acquisition of a new (methodological) experience of historical reconstruction within the framework of the Annals school.

Key words: mentality, model, complex, norm, representation, system, reconstruction.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.022

V.M. MOROZOV PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Diplomacy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), Moscow, Russia

E.O. SHEBALINA PhD, Research fellow, Institute for International Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), Moscow, Russia

THE CURRENT STATE OF RUSSIAN-PAKISTANI RELATIONS

Despite the insufficient study of the issue, Russian-Pakistani relations occupy an important place in the system of international relations not only in the Eurasian space, but also in the global system of international relations: Russia uses ties with the country as a balance between China and India, as well as in opposition to American initiatives in the region. The purpose of the article is to determine the trajectory of the development of relations between Russia and Pakistan through the consideration of seven key events and initiatives identified by the author, which allow us to conclude that there will be a breakthrough in bilateral relations in 2021. Thus, through the analysis of documents and media and empirical analysis, the author identifies the following factors: Russian-Pakistani relations experienced a breakthrough in 2021 due to seven primary reasons which built upon the strategic insight that has been shared in the thesis up until this point. These are Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan signing a roadmap in February 2021 to build a railway between their countries (which can casually be referred to as PAKAFUZ for convenience's sake); Pakistan's political, diplomatic, and military leadership jointly unveiling their country's new geo-economic grand strategy during the inaugural Islamabad Security Dialogue in March 2021; Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov's visit to Islamabad in early April 2021; US President Biden's decision later that same month to fully withdraw US military forces from Afghanistan by September 11th; Russia and Pakistan finally reaching an agreement to construct the Pakistan Stream Gas Pipeline (formerly referred to as the North-South Gas Pipeline) in May 2021; Foreign Minister Lavrov endorsing Central Asian-South Asian connectivity as key to Russia's Greater Eurasian Partnership during his keynote speech at a topical regional conference in Tashkent in July 2021; and President Putin's phone call to Prime Minister Khan in August 2021 following Kabul's fall to the Taliban.

Key words: Pakistan, Russian-Pakistani relations, PAKAFUZ, CPEC, Afghanistan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.023

RAN LING The Nizhny Novgorod state Linguistic University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

CHINESE EMIGRATION TO RUSSIA IN SOVIET-CHINESE RELATIONS 1917-1931

In 1917-1931, Chinese emigration was not a significant factor in Soviet-Chinese relations in any of the aspects: political, geopolitical, national-ethnic, economic and civilization. At the same time, the influence of Chinese immigration in Russia on the development of Soviet-Chinese relations in the article is derived from one-dimensionality. An emphasis is made on the problems of analyzing the topic, which consists in the fact that during these years there was no single central government in China, and the government of Soviet Russia was not recognized by the West, respectively, and interstate relations should be discussed conditionally.

In addition, it was revealed that the small number of Chinese migrants does not allow confirming their any significant influence on interstate relations. For the successive governments of the regions of China, the presence of migrants on Russian / Soviet territory, as a rule, did not have political significance, while for the Soviet government, Chinese migration became a significant factor not only in the traditional replenishment of the deficit of labor reserves, especially in the Far East, but also in the influx of fighters in the part of the Red Army during the civil war. After its end, with the loss of political relevance, and then, with the curtailment of the NEP, the Soviet leadership began to eliminate the Chinese migrants, now not in demand either politically or economically. This policy did not worsen interstate relations, since former Chinese migrants, both former soldiers of the Red Army, EC employees, and entrepreneurs, were in demand in China.

Key words: China, RSFSR, USSR, Russian Empire, migrants, labor migrants, Chinese diaspora, civil war, Red Army.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.024

VANGRAUA RITA Postgraduate student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

OBI SYLVESTER Postgraduate student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA AND THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE AUTHORITIES IN NIGERIA, IVORY COAST AND BURKINA FASO

Despite the processes of globalization and integration that have reached the borders of developing countries, requiring tribalist traditional societies to respect natural human rights and freedoms regardless of race, gender, age and other factors, the African continent and, in particular, its western region South of the Sahara are only at the beginning of the implementation of the above-mentioned principles. In the societies of Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso, the problem of gender discrimination against women is particularly acute, which is being fought by both regional and national organizations and movements. Nevertheless, the condic ossification of vicious social practices, encouraged by reactionary strata, in every possible way hinders the formation of social justice.

This article presents an analysis of the situation in the countries of the West African region concerning the above issues. The trends and trends in the development of the issues of combating gender discrimination through women's movements, organizations and associations in Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Burkina Faso are considered. Statistics on such phenomena as genital mutilation, child marriage, discrimination in the provision of education, political, economic and socio-cultural rights, as well as problems of all types of violence are examined. In addition, the probable causes, prerequisites and forecasts in the development of the issues considered in the article are indicated.

Key words: Burkina Faso, women's movements, West Africa, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, human rights organizations, feminism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.025

K.A. VLASENKO Post-graduate student at the Chair of international relations, North-West Institute of management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

INTEGRATION PROCESSES ON POST-SOVIET SPACE AND THE CONCEPT OF NEW EURASIONISM

The concept of neo-Eurasianism is one of the most popular of all ideologies that appeared in the 1990s in Russia. The concept of Eurasianism itself can be defined as the idea of a special geographical position between Europe and Asia and as a geopolitical doctrine that is the basis for integration processes in this territory. Thus, the ideology of Eurasianism denies Russia's position on the outskirts of Europe and, on the contrary, interprets it as the basis of the “third way.” The formation of the EAEU took place during a difficult period of geopolitical instability, especially given the period of increasingly expanding sanctions policies of Western countries against some members of the union. Sanctions have become an integral tool of modern world politics. Today, the development of regional integration is one of the most important directions for the achievement of economic growth of the states in the post-Soviet space. Thus, the EAEU is one of the most priority ways for Russia to overcome fuel and energy dependence.

Key words: Integration, EAEU, Eurasianism, FTA, CU, geopolitics, regionalism, sanctions, anti-russian restrictions, Russia, USA, European Union.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.026

А.V. VLASOV Postgraduate student of the Institute of Law and National Security Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia

IMPACT OF THE USE OF PUBLIC DIPLOMACY ON ENSURING THE INFORMATION SECURITY OF THE STATE

This article is devoted to the study of the use of public diplomacy for the purpose of ensuring the information security of the state. The phenomenon of public diplomacy, spheres and tasks of application are considered, the category of information security and measures of public diplomacy for its provision are also considered on the example of public diplomacy of the United States and Russia. To compile the article, various Russian and foreign documents, author's articles of theorists of international relations were studied, their experience was summarized and transformed in this text. As a result of the work carried out, it was revealed that in Russia public diplomacy is manifested rather narrowly and is focused on solving tactical problems, while a more comprehensive approach is needed to fully ensure information security within the digital society.

Key words: public diplomacy, information security, public opinion, foreign policy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.027

A.S. DOBROMYSLOV PHD student оf the Faculty of political sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

POLITICAL ASPECTS OF CHINA'S DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT

The article analyzes China's policy in the context of population aging. It identifies the features of aging under state birth control. The problems of relations with Hong Kong and Taiwan in the context of demographic changes are highlighted. The New Silk Road project is considered as a response to demographic challenges.

Key words: demography, ageing, China, New Silk Road.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.028

M.V. DRONOV Officer of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

NATO INFORMATION PREPARATION FOR THE INVASION OF LIBYA IN 2011

The article analyzes the information preparation of NATO for the invasion of Libya. The methods of spreading American control over the Libyan information space are considered. The role of the USA in the selection of personnel, their training and technical support, as well as financing is described. It is shown that in preparation for the intervention, the use of the entire spectrum of information technologies, with the main emphasis on Internet technology.

Key words: Libya, Gaddafi, "Arab Spring", information war.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.029

F.ZH. AKHANOVA Master's student of Astana International University (MUA), Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan

CURRENT TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

The current trends in the development of international trade in goods and services are analyzed. The following aspects are reflected: the place of international trade in the system of international economic relations, the state of international economic relations in the context of the global financial crisis, the growth rates of international trade in crisis conditions are determined, changes and prospects for development in the commodity and geographical structure of international trade in goods and services are analyzed.

Key words: international trade, current trends, development, international economic relations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.030

Y.V. BARANOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

A.A. LEONOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

PHAM THI MINH HUEN Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MODERN MARITIME POLICY OF THE USA, CHINA AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The oceans and, in particular, the northern part of the Pacific Ocean is of great importance for the United States, China and the Russian Federation. There are shipping routes that provide a base for the extraction of biological resources, huge reserves of minerals are stored in the bowels, etc. In this regard, the development of the World Ocean is becoming a priority in the political and economic development of the United States, China and Russia. However, the maritime policy in the countries of the North Pacific is primarily based on the national interests of a particular state, which are essentially different from each other, therefore, in this study, a comparative analysis of the maritime policy of the United States, China and the Russian Federation will be carried out according to criteria such as the ratification of the Convention on the law of the sea and the main vectors of the development of naval activities, since, according to the authors, these criteria are the most politicized and significantly affect the construction of national strategies in the maritime space.

Key words: maritime policy, Convention on the Law of the Sea, USA, China, Russia, naval activities.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.031

N.E. CHITAEV Student of the Social and Humanitarian Faculty of the P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute, branch of Tyumen State University, Ishim, Russia

V.V. ZIMINA Student of the Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute, branch of Tyumen State University, Ishim, Russia

HISTORY OF THE SUKLEM MONASTIC COMMUNITY

The article describes in detail the formation of the Suklem monastic community, its location, activities, relations with local residents, with the authorities at different times and the history of the closure of the community.

Key words: Kovrizhinskaya church, Suklem monastic community, Suklem, Suklem church.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.032

A.S. SEMOCHKINA Student, Department of History of the Far East Countries, Faculty of Asian and African Studies, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia

SONG JIAOREN’S VIEW ON AGRICULTURAL ISSUES: THEORY AND PRACTICE

In the article author aims to reveal the key aspects of China’s agrarian policy at the beginning of the 20th century, proposed by Song Jiaoren (1882-1913), analyze the experience of implementing these ideas in practice, and draw a conclusion regarding the effectiveness of the proposed plan and the reasons for its failure within the initial period of the Republic of China.

Key words: Song Jiaoren, Guomindang, the Republic of China, agriculture, agrarian policy.

REFLECTIONS ON READING

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.033

D.E. SLIZOVSKIY Doctor of Sciences (history), Professor at the Chair of Russian history, RUDN, Moscow, Russia

N.P. MEDVEDEV Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Editor-in Chief, Scientific Journal “Political Science Issues”, Moscow, Russia

AFTERWORD BY REVIEWERS TO THE ARTICLE BY A.P. TONKIKH “HISTORICAL PATTERNS OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF A LONG STAY IN POWER OF THE FIRST PERSON OF THE COUNTRY”

Twenty-two years ago, during the change of power from one president to another, an incredible political action took place in modern Russia: The Soviet-style autocrator with a powerful and high-quality democratic inoculation voluntarily announced his resignation from the post of president and the transfer of his powers to one of the closest supporters of the brightest democrat of the perestroika era. That precedent has not yet been sufficiently analyzed and evaluated. But in our opinion, that precedent could explain much, if not everything, for the understanding of consequences of “the long stay in power of the first person of the county.” We came to this verdict during the discussion and polemic with the main ideas of the article “Historical patterns of the consequences of the long stay in power of the first person of the country" by the Bryansk scientist A.P. Tonkikh. The article is vulnerable on theoretical grounds and methods of analysis, but its conclusions are well balanced. We also believe that a deep and balanced analysis of the consequences of a “long-term” (why only “long-term”?) stay in power of the first persons of countries is needed. Many citizens of our country support this view. There are more and more of them, as evidenced by the multiplying number of publications, hundreds of smart and not-so-smart responses in the networks received in one day after a simple message that there is a review procedure of the specified article related to the decision whether to publish it or not.

Key words: the Constitution, the Russian Empire, the USSR, Belarus, Kazakhstan, the first person of the country, presidents of the CIS countries, the President of Russia, presidential elections, term of office, long stay in power, change of power, historical patterns, tradition and political culture, personnel policy, political regime, political stability.

CONFERENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2022.82.1.034

ZH.S. SYZDYKOVA Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE DEDICATED TO THE 80TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BATTLE OF MOSCOW

Scientific Journal “Issues of National and Federative Relations”. Volume 11. Issue 12 (81), 2021

CONTENTS

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

Suslov M.G. 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union as an Inoculation of an Extremely Dangerous Virus to the Whole Soviet System
Hasanov M.R., Magomedova E.M. From the History of Fighting Horse Daghestan Against Turkish Intervention in 1918
Mukhamedov R.A., Kisilev K.V. Student Youth of the Ulyanovsk Pedagogical Institute in the 1950s and 60s: Study and Labor Participation
Abdulaeva M.I. Strategy of the Ottoman Empire in the Eastern Caucasus in the XVI-XVII Centuries
Aliskhanova M.H. The History of the Formation and Development of Chechen Musical Culture
Bazhanov D.A. Group Solidarity of the Personnel of the Baltic Fleet During the First World War in Cases of Violations of Discipline (1914 – February 1917)
Bulatov I.A. The Cult of "Heroes" as an Element of the Construction of National Identity Among Russian Scouts in Emigration
Stepanova O.B. Refrigerators in the Tradition of Northern Selkup
Pikalov D.V., Pikalova V.S., Goncharov A.S. Daily Labor of the Cossacks and Peasantry During the New Economic Policy in Southern Russian Stanitsas and Villages (Based on the Materials of Stavropol)
Khadzhieva B.M., Gatsieva T.I. Syrian Crisis: Position of the Russian Federation and the USA
Rutkovskaya A.M. Falsification of the Price of the Victory of the Soviet People in the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War in Figures and Facts
Strakhova Z.Yu. Strengthening the Role of the Senate Council (Senatus Consilia) of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Middle of the 17th Century
Urazgaliev R.M. Confessional Policy on Catholics and Protestants of the Lower Volga Region in the Second Half of the 19th Century and at the Beginning of the 20th Century: Historiographic Review

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

Boltenkova L.F. The Bible as a Source of Law (Part Fifteen, Final)
Lebedev I.Yu. Socio-Economic Approaches to the Content of the Essence of Property as a Category of Social Philosophy

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

Karatueva E.N. Anarchism as the Basis of the Ideology of Radical Environmental Movementsthe
Nikolenko A.A. Characteristics of Political Authorities at the Stages of Development of Russian Civilization
Osipov A.V. The Main Trends, Dynamics and Contradictions of the Processes of Consolidation of Political Power in Modern Russia (Based on the Materials of Social Monitoring 1998-2021)
Bogapova A.V., Makarenko K.M. Populist Rhetoric of Modern Protests: on the Example of Protest Movements in the Regions of Russia in the Second Decade of the XXI Century
Naledin I.I. Crimean Tatar Ethnos in Inter-Ethnic Relations on the Crimean Peninsula in the Post-Soviet Period: from Confrontation to Harmonisation
Huseinova D.M. The Problem of Terrorism as Assessed by Modern Researchers
Malsagov R.A. Fundamentalism in Modern Muslim Society: Neotradionalism and Radicalism
Sitdikova N.A., Falaleev M.A., Nechay E.E. The Influence of Natural Factors on the Electoral Activity of the Russian Population. Analysis of Regional Cases
Belousov G.F. Deputies of the Parliament of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania of 1-6 Convocations: Socio-Demographic Characteristics, Party Affiliation and Symbolic Capital

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

Imamov M.M., Semenikhina N.B. Budget Criteria for the Formation and Control of the Implementation of Priority National Projects and Federal Target Development Programs
Lagai A.R., Popov S.I. Innovative Solutions in the Field of Land use and Landscaping in the Lomonosovsky District of Moscow
Soshko I.A. State Policy and its Implementation in the Field of Small Business in the Chuvash Republic in the 1990s – Early 2000s: Analysis of Sources

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

Talipov I.F., Matveev O.V. International Legal Regulation of the Arctic Development
Shangaraev R.N. Turkey-Us Contemporary Strategic Interaction Issues
Machina A.A. Information Policy of Turkey for a Place in a New World Order
Peshkova V.M. Entrepreneurship and Integration of International Migrants
Smidovich G.S. National Security, Integration of Migrants and Individual Approach
Reshetnikova L.M. Interstate Military Cooperation in the Caspian Sea in the 2000s
Davidchenko A.V., Tyukov N.L., Ponomarev N.A., Shapovalov V.L. Technologies for Countering Protest Actions in Belarus in 2020-2021
Mohammed Almuallem, Bokeriya S.A. The Arab League's Framework for Cooperation with the United Nations
Doumbia Amara. EU Peacekeeping Strategies in Mali: Challenges and Prospects
Kuzyakin A.G. Interaction Between Russia and Who as an Important Component of the Development of the Health Care System in the Eurasian Space
Ndongo Nlate Jean Martial. The Only Cameroonians: Cameroon’s French and the British Connection
Safarova Ch.G. Factors Determining Georgian Policy of Turkey (1991-2019)
Jun X., Qiurun Q. China's "Soft Power" in Central Asia in 2010-2020
Jiang Junjing. Feature of the Development of Trading Relations with Trump
Qu Quan, Xu Jun. Post-Epidemic Era: the Changing Role of China and Russia in Kazakhstan

STUDENT SCIENCE

Baranova Y.V., Leonova A.A., Pham Thi Minh Huen. Transboundary Cooperation in the Field of Protection of the Marine Environment on the Example of the North Pacific

Our authors № 12-2021

DOMESTIC HISTORY, ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.001

M.G. SUSLOV Doctor of Historical Sciences (Advanced Doctor), Professor of the Department of State-Legal Disciplines, Perm Institute of the Federal Penal Correction Service of Russia, Perm, Russia

20TH CONGRESS OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE SOVIET UNION AS AN INOCULATION OF AN EXTREMELY DANGEROUS VIRUS TO THE WHOLE SOVIET SYSTEM

This article reviews the direct influence and the future impact of the 20th CPSU’s Congress’ decisions on the domestic and foreign policy in the Soviet Union. Particularly, the article shows the influence of the Congress on the rise of the criminal rate and the dissident movement, on the March 1956 Georgian demonstrations protesting the 20th Congress N. Khrushchev’s speech. Also, the two main reasons of the soviet system’s collapse are reviewed. One is the process of the dark economy formation the other is inability of the CPSU to perform the main functions of the ruling party: theoretical, organizing, political and ideologic. The solutions of this congress had a negative impact on the whole communist movement, on its weakening and splitting, and after it on the Soviet Union’s and worldwide communist system’s collapse. We can relate to the distant effects of the 20th Congress the opposition of the Congress’ proponents and opponents in the modern Russia.

Key words: 20th Congress of the CPSU and its influence on the domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet Union’s failure.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.002

M.R. HASANOV Doctor of historical Sciences, head of the Department of history of Dagestan state pedagogical University, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala

E.M. MAGOMEDOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History of Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala

FROM THE HISTORY OF FIGHTING HORSE DAGHESTAN AGAINST TURKISH INTERVENTION IN 1918

The article is devoted to the tragic events of 1918 in Dagestan, the struggle of the Dagestani highlanders against the Turkish invaders. Under the guise of confiscating the property of revolutionary elements, the Turks plundered the local population, ruined peasant farms, took away food, arbitrarily taxed the mountaineers, beat and arrested the disobedient. Deprived of the support of Muslims of the same faith, Turkish troops began to decay. The Turkish interventionists failed to achieve the separation of Dagestan from Russia. The article was written based on a variety of sources and literature.

Key words: Dagestan, Turks, Dagestan highlanders, intervention, Germany, Entente, Soviet Russia.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.003

R.A. MUKHAMEDOV Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov , Ulyanovsk, Russia

K.V. KISILEV Post-graduate student of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia

STUDENT YOUTH OF THE ULYANOVSK PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTE IN THE 1950S AND 60S: STUDY AND LABOR PARTICIPATION

The author of the article examines the activities of students and teachers of the Ulyanovsk Pedagogical Institute during the Great Patriotic War, which became a difficult and severe test for the whole people. The Ulyanovsk Pedagogical Institute, with the outbreak of the war, rebuilt its activities in a military manner, the priority areas in addition to studies were the mobilization of young people into the army, compulsory military training of young people, increased activity and mass ideological and political work. The student youth of the Ulyanovsk Pedagogical Institute as the whole country took an active part in all labor defensive measures. In the post-war years, the staff of the Institute took an active part in the restoration of the national economy not only of the Ulyanovsk region, but also took part in the development of virgin lands, as well as in all fateful decisions of the party and the government. On a voluntary basis, students, under the guidance of their teachers, organized extracurricular educational classes and various circles among schoolchildren. In the process of preparing the article, the author introduced the scientific circulation of archival sources from the State Archive of the Modern History of the Ulyanovsk region (GANI UO) and the State Archive of the Ulyanovsk Region (GAO).

Key words: student, war, youth, virgin land, pedagogical institute, Ulyanovsk.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.004

M.I. ABDULAEVA PhD in History, Senior Researcher Daghestan Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Russia

STRATEGY OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN THE EASTERN CAUCASUS IN THE XVI-XVII CENTURIES

Based on a comprehensive and multilateral analysis of the geopolitical aspirations of the Ottoman Empire in the 16 th – 17 th centuries, with the involvement of the works of Turkish authors, it is supposed to show the Caucasian orientation of the political doctrine of the Ottomans. The purpose of the study is to analyze the Turkish strategy and tactics in the Eastern Caucasus, which entailed changes in the geopolitical balance of power in the region. It is noted that the Eastern Caucasus and the peoples inhabiting it were not subjects of international law during the time period under study, at the same time, the region, due to its geopolitical attractiveness, served as an arena of clashes between many states.

Key words: Ottoman Empire, geopolitics, Eastern Caucasus, Iran, rivalry, war.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.005

M.H. ALISKHANOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Museology and Cultural Studies of the Kadyrov Chechen State Universitymsh, Grozny, Russia

THE HISTORY OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHECHEN MUSICAL CULTURE

In the article, the author explores the question of the formation and development of Chechen musical culture – one of the most popular, accessible and in-demand types of arts in modern culture. Possessing a synthetic nature based on the interaction of musical and verbal principles, generalizing poetic images and socio-cultural processes, the content of historical epochs is vividly reflected in musical art. The author notes that the origins of Chechen musical culture go back centuries, when folk singers and musicians played a major role in social and family rituals, religious beliefs and rituals. No wedding, family or rural holiday, no joyful or sad event could do without music, songs, dances. Of course, the role of Russian composers, musicians and educators in the preservation and development of Chechen musical culture is great. The names of Soviet composers A.A. Dividenko, A.A. Rechmensky, G.H. Mepurnov are inscribed in the history of Chechen musical art. The author notes that the formation of professional Chechen music occurred only at the beginning of the twentieth century, but already in the 1960s a whole galaxy of talented Chechen composers and performers of musical works appeared. U. Dimaev, A. Shakhbulatov, U. Beksultanov and others were at the origins of the formation of the professional composer's Chechen school. Maryam Aidamirova, nicknamed the Chechen Edith Piaf, and Walid Dagaev, an unsurpassed illancha (singer) and composer, conquered the hearts of listeners with her performing skills. The modern musical life of Chechnya in the style and genre direction is diverse; from folk, pop to classical directions. However, despite the popularity of new styles, the preservation of national identity is one of the main directions of Chechen musical culture.

Key words: musical art, Chechen musical culture, composer, ritual songs, musical instruments, heroic songs-illi, dechig-pondara, adhoku-pondara, zurna, accordion.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.006

D.A. BAZHANOV PhD in History, associate professor, Department of Russian History (XIX-XXI centuries), Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia

GROUP SOLIDARITY OF THE PERSONNEL OF THE BALTIC FLEET DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN CASES OF VIOLATIONS OF DISCIPLINE (1914 – FEBRUARY 1917)

The proposed article is devoted to the consideration of the main groups of personnel of the Baltic Fleet through their behavioral stereotypes. This approach is based on the idea of military sailors as a specific group with a special structure and patterns of functioning. The author aims to reconstruct intra-group informal relationships reflected in behavior stereotypes. The source is the investigative materials of court cases and orders on violations of discipline, i.e. formal behavior. As a result of the analysis on a number of certain examples, the article shows the role of feelings of solidarity in behavioral models, i.e. readiness to support a representative of the group to which the participant himself belongs. This makes it possible to characterize subordinate groups of personnel, ordinary sailors and non-commissioned officers as having a significant readiness for support and self-organization.

Key words: the Baltic Fleet, sailors, discipline, officers, World War I.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.007

I.A. BULATOV Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Department of History and Cultural Studies Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, Russia

THE CULT OF "HEROES" AS AN ELEMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL IDENTITY AMONG RUSSIAN SCOUTS IN EMIGRATION

Russian emigrants of the "first wave" believed in a speedy return to Russia. However, despite this optimistic attitude, the emigrant pedagogues immediately thought about the need to preserve the Russian identity of children living in a foreign environment. And all the people who care about this work, including Russian scouts and related organizations, have taken up this work. There are many different methods of national education, and one of them was education on the example of national heroes. At the same time, along with historical and folklore characters, cults of modern heroes who died in the civil War began to take shape. This allowed strengthening not only the Russian, but also the White immigrant identity, based, among other things, on uncompromising anti-Bolshevism. Among the Russian Scouts there were also people who suffered at the hands of the Reds. Preserving the memory of them and their work for the benefit of the Motherland and the scout movement, has already strengthened three levels of identity: Russian, emigrant and scout. The article uses the example of the Day of Remembrance of the Faithful, common among Scouts, and perpetuating the memory of Mstislav Rudyh in the National Organization of Russian Pathfinders (NORR) to consider the method of using the image of heroes to construct identity.

Key words: scouting, NORR, Pantyuhov, Memorial Day of the Faithful, M.I. Rudyh.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.008

O.B. STEPANOVA Candidate of Science in History, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia

REFRIGERATORS IN THE TRADITION OF NORTHERN SELKUP

The article is devoted to the study of refrigerators as an element of the modern culture of the northern Selkups, preserving their traditional way of life. Currently, the nomadic Selkups use several types of refrigerators: the original Selkup swamp refrigerators, glaciers and cellars borrowed from the Russians, industrial refrigeration and freezing units, which are equipped with fishing agricultural enterprises, and household refrigeration and freezing units available to nomadic Selkups when visiting villages. The study concluded that all types of refrigerators improve the quality of life of their users. The appearance of glaciers and cellars in the Selkup life is correlated with a decrease in the Selkup nomadic mobility. Industrial refrigerators, which today support the industrial fishing industry, affect the ability of the Selkups to maintain their traditional way of life, work and have a good income.

Key words: northern Selkups, traditional economy, natural refrigerators, glaciers, household and industrial refrigerators, nomadic mobility, industrial fishing.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.009

D.V. PIKALOV Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

V.S. PIKALOVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

A.S. GONCHAROV Bachelor Institution of Higher Education, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia

DAILY LABOR OF THE COSSACKS AND PEASANTRY DURING THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY IN SOUTHERN RUSSIAN STANITSAS AND VILLAGES (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF STAVROPOL)

This article is devoted to the study of the daily working life of Cossack farmers and peasants during the period of the New Economic Policy. The relevance of the research topic lies in the need for a more detailed study of the peculiarities of everyday life, work, life and worldview of Cossack farmers and peasants on the example of villages and villages of the Stavropol province – Stavropol District of the North Caucasus Region. The practical significance of the study is due to the possibility of using the materials of the work to clarify information about the socio-economic situation of the Cossacks and peasantry in the south of the USSR during the implementation of the New Economic Policy, as well as to expand information about the Cossack-peasant mental complex, taking into account the territorial boundaries of Stavropol District of the North Caucasus Region. The socio-cultural approach as the leading methodological paradigm of research and a complex of general scientific and special historical methods allowed to identify the relationship of the working life of farmers with their mentality and to determine the features of the worldview and the main cultural features of the lower stratum of the Cossacks and peasantry of Stavropol during the years of the New Economic Policy.

Key words: Cossacks, peasantry, everyday life, labor, North Caucasus, picture of the world, agriculture, inventory.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.010

B.M. KHADZHIEVA Assistant of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History A.A. Kadyrov Chechen State University, Grozny, Russia

T.I. GATSIEVA Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History, Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny, Russia

SYRIAN CRISIS: POSITION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE USA

The article touches on the issue of determining the positions of the United States and Russia in relation to the Syrian conflict. The author gives a consistent description and reasons for the emergence of the conflict in Syria, as well as the role of influence on its development on the part of these countries, including through the use of military force. Based on the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the positions of the United States and Russia on the settlement of the Syrian conflict are opposite, but not confrontational. However, it becomes obvious that the further confrontation of the named countries on this issue is due to completely different goals – assistance in the fight against terrorism and protection of the legal regime on the part of Russia, the formation of a controlled social environment on the part of the Americans.

Key words: Syria, USA, Russia, armed conflict, international community, UN, counteraction.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.011

A.M. RUTKOVSKAYA Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History of the Institute of Humanities, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia

FALSIFICATION OF THE PRICE OF THE VICTORY OF THE SOVIET PEOPLE IN THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR AND THE SECOND WORLD WAR IN FIGURES AND FACTS

This article provides a detailed analysis of statistical data, starting from the Soviet period of the late 1940s and ending with the modern Russian Federation, regarding the price of Victory that the people of the Soviet Union had to pay during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. As a result of the analysis of documentary sources and historiography on this problem, revealed general and specific tendencies in attempts to falsify the figures of military losses of the Soviet Union in domestic and foreign scientific research, as well as in some publicistic works.

Key words: World War II, Great Patriotic War, price of victory, statistical data, falsification of history.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.012

Z.YU. STRAKHOVA Graduate student of the Department of History of Foreign Countries and Oriental Studies, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia

STRENGTHENING THE ROLE OF THE SENATE COUNCIL (SENATUS CONSILIA) OF THE POLISH-LITHUANIAN COMMONWEALTH IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY

The article is devoted to the Council of the Senate, an advisory body of the Kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, formed in 1573. This institution played a particularly important role under King Władysław IV Vasa. The article discusses the reasons for the strengthening of the role of the Senate Council and outlines the range of issues that the Senate has dealt with: foreign policy, internal security of the State, the treasury, and the personal affairs of the King or the royal family. It also concludes that, as a result of Władysław IV’s policy, which was not popular especially among the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate Council became perceived as being detrimental to the interests of the State. Szlachta, remembering Władysław IV of Sandomierz Rokosh, forced the king and senators to read the reports of the decisions of the Senate Council at meetings of the Sejm, many of which were subsequently either ignored or challenged. Consequently, the position of the Senate was weakened, which further contributed to the destruction of the political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Key words: Senate of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Senate Council, Sigismund III Vasa, Władysław IV Vasa.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.013

R.M. URAZGALIEV Postgraduate student of the University-wide Department of General and Russian History, Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia

CONFESSIONAL POLICY ON CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY: HISTORIOGRAPHIC REVIEW

The article is devoted to the main studies that consider the centuries-old history of the relationship between the authorities and non-Orthodox Christians on the territory of the Lower Volga region. The active colonization of sparsely populated territories, initiated by the manifesto of Catherine II, led to the emergence of Catholic and Protestant populations in the Lower Volga region, whose numbers grew rapidly. The study of the problem is mainly limited to the period of the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries, which was very significant for the process of formation of a new style of relations between church and state. A small number of special studies on confessional politics is presented in the region of interest to us. Most of the publications related to this issue in one way or another are generalizing in nature and use the experience mainly of central authorities, forgetting about regional ones. However, even with a rigid vertical of power, religious policy on the ground was carried out taking into account the national, cultural and social characteristics of their regions. According to the author, the politicized approach, considering the existence of Western Christian confessions in Russia as a violation of order and a threat to the security of the state and society, did not contribute to its objective scientific consideration.

Key words: baptism, legislation, Catholicism, German colonists, Lower Volga region, Protestantism, sectarianism, church.

HISTORY AND THEORY OF POLITICS

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.014

L.F. BOLTENKOVA Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia

THE BIBLE AS A SOURCE OF LAW (PART FIFTEEN, FINAL)

Based on the second part of Article 67 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the author sets the task to show the convergence in the legal systems of the world divine and human principles, while keeping in mind that the beginning of a positive (human, artificial) rights was embedded in the theological stage of civilization. The implementation of this task requires an analysis of various legal concepts in their historical development; the content of the Bible in the context of the norms of human behavior, rules of life (commandments, parables of Jesus Christ, recommendations of the Holy Apostles); regulatory documents of various countries, including Russia, in their historical development.

The article is divided into several parts based on the volume of its content.

Key words: God, divine law, natural law, positive law, Bible, Commandments, philosophers, scientists, lawyers, normative documents, legal concepts.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.015

I.YU. LEBEDEV Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State Regulation of Economics, Faculty of MIGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia

SOCIO-ECONOMIC APPROACHES TO THE CONTENT OF THE ESSENCE OF PROPERTY AS A CATEGORY OF SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY

Property, its origin, essence, change of forms in the historical development of mankind is one of the "eternal" themes of social philosophy. Recently, there have been many studies devoted to the transformation of forms of ownership, studies that would consider the essence of property in socio-philosophical terms are not enough.

Key words: property, social philosophy, patterns of development, anthropic principle, transpersonal nature of realization, property right, bundle of property rights.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PROCESSES AND TECHNOLOGIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.016

E.N. KARATUEVA Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Management of Socio-Political Processes and History of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, St. Petersburg, Russia

ANARCHISM AS THE BASIS OF THE IDEOLOGY OF RADICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENTSTHE

Anarchism as an ideological trend is very popular among the most radical supporters of the environmental movement. In addition, the ecological views of decentralized local communities provide ideological support for the "extra-parliamentary" activities of the "green" movement. What unites anarchists with radical ecological movements is the preferred use in their activities of tactics of autonomous and direct action, sabotage and the desire to return to pristine nature for the sake of constructive changes in society.

The article is devoted to the study of the anarchist trend in the ideology of ecoterrorist organizations, comparing their activity and structure with existing anarchist organizations. The philosophy of ecoanarchism deserves special attention in the article as one of the ideological foundations of emerging radical environmental protection movements.

Key words: anarchism, eco-anarchism, environmentalism, "direct action", ecoterrorist organizations.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.017

A.А. NIKOLENKO Graduate Institute of law and administration of the Vladivostok State University of Economics and service, Vladivostok, Russia

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLITICAL AUTHORITIES AT THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN CIVILIZATION

Changing the characteristics of political power over time within the framework of a local civilization is one of the little-studied problems in modern Russian political science. The relevance of this topic is also indicated by the fact that often local specifics do not allow us to build not only competent lines of interaction in the foreign policy space, but also does not allow us to assess the presence of internal contradictions, as well as their sources. The study of the characteristics of political power and the basic models of power in a country where strong political traditions influence the entire complex of civilizational phenomena, one way or another interconnected and conditioned by previous stages of development, become necessary foundations for developments in the field of political science, as well as the theory of international relations.

Key words: «civilization», local civilization, social process, power, features of the political process, Western-oriented approach.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.018

A.V. OSIPOV Candidate of Political Science, Judge of the Leninsky District Court of Rostov-on-Don, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

THE MAIN TRENDS, DYNAMICS AND CONTRADICTIONS OF THE PROCESSES OF CONSOLIDATION OF POLITICAL POWER IN MODERN RUSSIA (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF SOCIAL MONITORING 1998-2021)

The article presents the results of the current analysis of the main trends, dynamics and contradictions of the processes of consolidation of political power in modern Russia (based on the materials of social monitoring 1998-2021). In the context of the negative impact of the pandemic, the combination of factors of foreign policy and domestic political pressure, the development of the socio-political crisis, the author reveals the existing split of society and power, the polarization of public consciousness on key political issues, outlines ways to overcome the negative trends in the development of the main clusters of political power consolidation. The article focuses on the analysis of the results of actual monitoring of social and political orientations of young people, contradictions of the use of political technologies in the electronic media environment.

Key words: political power, political clusters, consolidation of political power, socio-political monitoring, political technologies, socio-political management, socio-political trends and contradictions, all-Russian civic identity.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.019

A.V. BOGAPOVA Postgraduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

K.M. MAKARENKO Senior lecturer, Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia

POPULIST RHETORIC OF MODERN PROTESTS: ON THE EXAMPLE OF PROTEST MOVEMENTS IN THE REGIONS OF RUSSIA IN THE SECOND DECADE OF THE XXI CENTURY

Populist rhetoric, which is a characteristic feature of public politics, finds its application not only during the period of conventional political actions, such as elections, but also manifests itself in the practice of unconventional participation: within the framework of protest actions of both local, regional and federal significance. At the same time, the use of both oppositional and pro-government populist rhetoric is recorded at protest actions. In this regard, it seems important to analyze the slogans of the protest movements in various regions of Russia during the period of active growth in the number of protest actions in modern period. The authors made an attempt to determine the nature and attribution of populist slogans that took place at public protest actions. The conclusion is drawn about the binary nature of populist rhetoric. Taking into account the “competitiveness” in the framework of public policy, the practice of political mobilization dictates the need to concentrate resources, which is expressed in the use of slogans of a unifying nature to mobilize “insiders”. There is also the formation of community identity through the definition of “others” guilty of injustice, which is expressed in the use of an anti-elite message. The formation of strong horizontal ties within a community is possible only in conditions of the creation of a visible disposition: solidarity within and a feeling of pressure from the outside, which explains the prevailing nature of the use of populism in protest rhetoric.

Key words: populism, populist discourse, political mobilization, protest activity, Russian political process.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.020

I.I. NALEDIN PhD student, Department of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

CRIMEAN TATAR ETHNOS IN INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS ON THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD: FROM CONFRONTATION TO HARMONISATION

The article discusses the history of the development of the Crimean Tatar ethnos in modern Crimea, a unique region with the experience of Ukrainian and Russian national policies. The analysis of interethnic relations on the peninsula and the activity of authorities in the ethno-cultural sphere is presented. During the Ukrainian period, the authorities often took advantage of the historical contradictions between the peoples of the region, trying to aggravate the socio-political situation in Crimea. Since 2014 Russia has been pursuing a policy of harmonizing interethnic relations, paying attention to all the peoples of the peninsula.

Key words: Crimea, interethnic relations, Crimean Tatars, national minorities.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.021

D.M. HUSEINOVA Postgraduate student at the Chair of history of social movements and political parties, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

THE PROBLEM OF TERRORISM AS ASSESSED BY MODERN RESEARCHERS

In the modern era, terrorist organizations pose a great threat. Although an active struggle is being waged against them, they are improving their methods and expanding their activities from year to year. As practice shows, the fight against terrorists should be carried out by the entire world community, since these organizations have a network structure. Their cells are located in different parts of the world and have large stocks of weapons in their arsenal. Terrorism has become one of the global problems of our time, in the resolution of which researchers: political scientists, sociologists, historians and lawyers could play a very important role. Qualitative methods of combating terrorism, work on the identification and prevention of terrorist acts depend on the depth of the developed theoretical base and analysis of accumulated data on terrorism. One of the urgent tasks is to develop clear definitions and adequate typologies of modern terrorism on the resolution of which a significant number of domestic and foreign authors are presently working. The purpose of the paper is to identify the degree and nature of the study of the designated issue in the modern scientific literature and assess the available definitions and classifications.

Key words: security, terrorism, ideology, research.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.022

R.А. MALSAGOV Postgraduate student, Department of History of Social and Political Studies Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

FUNDAMENTALISM IN MODERN MUSLIM SOCIETY: NEOTRADIONALISM AND RADICALISM

Islam is a world religion, and the number of its followers is growing every year. And, like any other religion, it combines many strains and movements. Modern Islamic fundamentalism is an umbrella term for a reactionary ideology that actively advocates for a return to the origins of faith and the rejection of all sorts of innovations, both in theology and in the public consciousness. In scientific literature, various definitions of this concept can be found. However, one thing remains the same – a return to the fundamentals or the times of the "righteous ancestors" of the salaf. That is why fundamentalist Muslims themselves prefer to call themselves Salafis. At various times in history, they opposed innovations and qualified them as bid'a. The extreme degree of fundamentalism raises great concerns, especially given the rise in international terrorism. The study aims to analyze fundamentalism and its main trends, in particular neotraditionalism and radicalism, using the works of domestic and foreign Islamic scholars and theologians, as well as modern and medieval theologians.

Key words: fundamentalism, radicalism, traditionalism.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.023

N.A. SITDIKOVA Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

M.A. FALALEEV Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

E.E. NECHAY Academic Advisor, Candidate of Political Science, Assistant Professor, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

THE INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FACTORS ON THE ELECTORAL ACTIVITY OF THE RUSSIAN POPULATION. ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL CASES

The article analyzes the degree of influence of natural factors on the electoral activity of the Russian population during the elections to the State Duma of the VIII convocation. The aim of the research is to study the correlations between natural phenomena and the level of voter participation during voting. The article uses such methods as: typologization of material, systematization, case study method. The result of the work is a description of the relationship between the types of natural factors of various origins (infectious, anthropogenic, natural) and electoral activity. The conclusion of the study states that the natural factor mainly has an indirect effect on the voting results, but nevertheless it is significant in assessing the dynamics of citizens' participation in the electoral process.

Key words: electoral activity, electoral process, elections to the State Duma of the VIII convocation, natural factors, political participation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.024

G.F. BELOUSOV Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

DEPUTIES OF THE PARLIAMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH OSSETIA-ALANIA OF 1-6 CONVOCATIONS: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, PARTY AFFILIATION AND SYMBOLIC CAPITAL

The purpose of the article is the analysis of socio-demographic characteristics, party affiliation and symbolic capital of deputies of the 1-6 convocations of the Parliament of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania. The empirical basis of the study is the biographies of the deputies from the official website of the parliament, the research method is the biographical method. The study showed the presence of stable gender asymmetry in parliament, its mono-ethnic nature, the presence of a significant number of namesake deputies in the deputy corps, a stable average age of deputies from convocation to convocation and a tendency to change from one predominant age cohort to another after 2-3 convocations. Most of the deputies are natives of the North Ossetian ASSR or the Georgian SSR. Deputies from the Liberal Democratic Party and independent deputies are not represented in the parliament of the region, deputies from Just Russia and the Communist Party are almost not represented, and there is a significant number of members of the Patriots of Russia party, whose number has increased in the 5th convocation. The symbolic capital of deputies is associated with membership in public organizations and posession of awards and honorary titles, the analysis of which shows a clear logic of the award policy of the region.

Key words: political elites, national republics, the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, ethnocratic elite, symbolic capital.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRY POLICIES

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.025

M.M. IMAMOV PhD in Law, Center for Advanced Economic Research in the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia

N.B. SEMENIKHINA PhD in Economics, Associate Professor at the Department of Accounting, Analysis and Audit, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia

BUDGET CRITERIA FOR THE FORMATION AND CONTROL OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PRIORITY NATIONAL PROJECTS AND FEDERAL TARGET DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

The purpose of this publication is to study the features and main financial and budgetary criteria for assessing the results of the implementation of national projects and targeted programs in Russia and the Republic of Tatarstan. Based on the use of formal legal and regulatory research methods, an analysis was made of the existing regulatory design and program framework on the topic under consideration. When writing the article, a systemic-structural approach was also used, which made it possible to identify and highlight the most important elements and components of program-target planning in Russia and other countries, as well as criteria for monitoring the implementation of national projects in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the example of Tatarstan. The presented article is an up-to-date study of a socio-political, economic and financial nature, which has unconditional scientific and practical significance, the novelty of clarifying the most significant problematic issues, and is aimed at attempts to in-depth study of individual elements of the development of the program-target planning system in Russia related to the budgeting process. and financing of project and program activities. At the same time, the topics considered in the work are, of course, promising for further scientific deepening and detailing of certain points that are superficially touched on in the publication, including taking into account the regional specifics of individual subjects of the Russian Federation.

Key words: Republic of Tatarstan, national projects, regional programs, budget resources, program documents, federal budget.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.026

A.R. LAGAI Master of the Department of Public and Municipal Administration, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

S.I. POPOV Ph.D. in Political Science, Associate Professor, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF LAND USE AND LANDSCAPING IN THE LOMONOSOVSKY DISTRICT OF MOSCOW

The article presents the author's research of the phenomenon of the Lomonosovsky district of Moscow in terms of innovative solutions in the field of land use and landscaping. The most significant factors of using the software and hardware complex of the multifunctional landscaping management system are highlighted. The analysis of the prospects of applying the experience of the Lomonosovsky district on the scale of the federal city of Moscow and in the Russian Federation as a whole is given.

Key words: landscaping, comfortable environment, automation of processes, elements of landscaping, Lomonosovsky district, Moscow city, multifunctional landscaping system.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.027

I.A. SOSHKO Senior Lecturer at the Department of Financial Law, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Cheboksary, Russia

STATE POLICY AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE FIELD OF SMALL BUSINESS IN THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC IN THE 1990S – EARLY 2000S: ANALYSIS OF SOURCES

The article reveals the problem of studying such an urgent and important issue as the state policy of supporting small and medium-sized businesses in the 1990s – early 2000s. and the results of its implementation on the territory of the Chuvash Republic. The author characterizes the main sources on this issue, which include both published and archival materials. In disclosing the topic, the funds of the State Archives of the Russian Federation, the State Archives of the Modern History of the Chuvash Republic, and the State Historical Archives of the Chuvash Republic are of great importance. The author comes to the conclusion that the most important source for characterizing the state policy in the field of small business development was the normative legal acts adopted during the period under review. Of great importance for the disclosure of the topic are also statistical publications, among which I would especially like to highlight the collections "Small Business in Chuvashia", published by Chuvashstat in 2003-2008. The next valuable source of information are federal and republican newspapers and magazines: Rossiyskaya Gazeta, Kommersant, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, Sovetskaya Chuvashia, Delovaya Chuvashia, Chăvash En and many others. Thus, the aggregate source base of the problem, dedicated to the state policy in the field of small business in the Chuvash Republic in the 1990s – early 2000s, allows us to speak about the sufficiency or representativeness of the coverage of this scientific topic. The entire set of archival and published data for the first time from the standpoint of historical science provides an opportunity to comprehensively study the state policy in the field of small business on the territory of Chuvashia.

Key words: small and medium business, state economic policy, Chuvash Republic, analysis of sources.

THEORY AND HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND FOREIGN POLICY

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.028

I.F. TALIPOV Master of Petroleum Engineering, Master of Business Administration, Master's, Faculty of International Relations and International Law, Department of International Relations, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

O.V. MATVEEV Academic Supervisor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of International Relations, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGULATION OF THE ARCTIC DEVELOPMENT

This article examines the characteristics of legislation on the use of natural resources in the Arctic in different countries and the main directions of state policy in this area. The paper analyzes the various national and international laws and regulations formalizing the development of resources and protecting the environment in the Arctic, as well as evaluating the provisions. Given the global importance of achieving this goal, the Russian Federation, as the largest polar state, should ensure the creation of an appropriate regulatory framework. In addition to general issues of Russian sovereignty, jurisdiction and management guidelines in the Arctic, the law should include provisions on the specifics of environmental management in the Arctic region, taking into account the needs of the Russian Federation. development of natural resources and protection of the Arctic environment from negativity. impacts. Another option is the adoption of a special law aimed at protecting the environment and preventing pollution of the Arctic seas and lands of the Russian Federation.

Key words: Arctic, legal regulation of subsoil use, international law, international legal regulation, federal legislation.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.029

R.N. SHANGARAEV Ph.D. (Economic Sciences), Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration in Foreign Policy of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia

TURKEY-US CONTEMPORARY STRATEGIC INTERACTION ISSUES

Turkey has always differed from most NATO member countries with respect to alliance steps at the regional level. Attempts by Ankara to carry out the national interests above block solidarity have already led to conflicts with its traditional allies, first of all with the USA.

Key words: Russia, Turkey, USA, NATO, strategic interests.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.030

A.A. MACHINA Associate Professor, Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

INFORMATION POLICY OF TURKEY FOR A PLACE IN A NEW WORLD ORDER

The article analyzes the information policy of Turkey aimed at internal and external audiences. The country's desire to become a world power and to play a decisive role in the system of international relations mobilized not only economic resources and political forces, but also set an appropriate information agenda. For this purpose, the author analyzed the materials of popular news agencies, speeches of leading political players and the country's President R. Erdogan. The author makes a special emphasis on the reasons for the formation of a "emasculated information field", which allows broadcasting an exclusively uncontested information agenda to an internal audience and narrowing information messages to an external audience exclusively to the position of President Erdogan, who monopolized the goals and objectives of the country's foreign policy.

The author outlined the main themes and ideas implanted in the internal audience, as well as highlighted the country's aspirations declared to the external audience. As a result, conclusions were drawn about a systematic, consistent and effective information policy of Turkey and progressive progress towards the cherished goal – the formation of a new center of power in the international arena.

Key words: Turkey, information policy, new world order, world powers, propaganda, legacy of Ataturk, Turkic world, R. Erdogan.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.031

V.M. PESHKOVA Candidate of historical sciences, senior researcher, Institute of Sociology Federal research sociological center Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INTEGRATION OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS

The article is devoted to the analysis of the main science and policy-applied approaches to the relationship between the entrepreneurial activity of international migrants and their integration on the example of the of European and Northern America countries. Both in policy and in migration studies the entrepreneurial activity of international migrants, as well as migration in general, is assessed ambiguously. The prevailing opinion is that they make a positive contribution to the socio-economic development of both receiving and sending countries, as well as to the socio-economic situation of the immigrants themselves and their integration. At the same time a lot of evidence has been collected that self-employment in itself does not guarantee successful integration in all spheres of life in a new state for immigrants.

Key words: international migrants, international migration integration, entrepreneurship, North America, Europe.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.032

G.S. SMIDOVICH PhD Economics, Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia

NATIONAL SECURITY, INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS AND INDIVIDUAL APPROACH

In July 2021, the National Security Strategy was adopted. And in September 2021 The President of the Russian Federation set a task: to achieve positive dynamics of the population of the Russian Federation by the end of 2024, in connection with which the tasks of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation were adjusted by order of the Government of the Russian Federation. What is the relationship between the national security of the Russian Federation and the integration of interstate migrants for permanent residence?

There is an urgent need for a theoretical understanding of the tasks of the migration policy of the Russian Federation in the previously adopted Concepts of migration policy, raising the question of the practical tasks of integrating interstate migrants into permanent residence, who are directly involved in the formation of the Russian population, and, accordingly, the main hopes are placed on them for the real fulfillment of the task set before the Government of the Russian Federation by President Vladimir Putin.

The strategy actually approved the inseparable dependence of the state and national security of the Russian Federation on the processes of interstate migration of the population, as an integral part of the socio-economic development of the country.

What is necessary to solve the task of achieving a positive trend in the number of Russians by the end of 2024? Can temporary labor migration become a resource for replenishing the number of citizens of the country?

What should be done by the state so that a simple quantitative approach to solving such an important issue as admission to citizenship does not become a threat to national security? What integration measures on the part of the state are necessary for this? Here are the main research questions of this article.

The shortage of labor resources and their qualifications are the main challenges for the economy of modern developed world economies. Migration of labor and human resources is the only resource for its replenishment. That is why the integration of migrants is a determining factor for the preservation and growth of developed world economies, including the Russian Federation. The author suggests and justifies the need for an individual approach to solving the problem of management, legislative regulation and control over the course of integration – the introduction of an instrument of integration contracts based on social contracts already introduced in the Russian Federation, as the only way to effective integration of migrants locally with the participation of municipal authorities, where both the state level of management and self-government are combined, and where it directly occurs.

Key words: national security, population, integration of migrants, individual approach, integration contracts.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.033

L.M. RESHETNIKOVA PhD, computer lab assistant Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia

INTERSTATE MILITARY COOPERATION IN THE CASPIAN SEA IN THE 2000s

The article is devoted to the study of the dynamics of international military cooperation in the Caspian. The Caspian Sea has not only economic but also military-strategic importance, especially for the littoral states. Despite the process of building up national armaments that took place fast in the period under review in the 2000s, at the present the military possible conflict in the Caspian is minimized. By the problem-chronological method, methods of content and event analysis, we can conclude that in the 2000s the states of the “Caspian five” had to able to reach the new level of international military cooperation in order to ensure the safety of navigation and eliminate any threats to the objects of international economic activity in the Caspian Sea.

Key words: Caspian Sea, cooperation, international security, naval forces, navy drills.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.034

A.V. DAVIDCHENKO Coordinator of the Social Engineering Agency, Moscow, Russia

N.L. TYUKOV PhD, Associate Professor, Associate Professor at the Department of Socio-Political Research and Technology, Institute of History and Politics, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia

N.A. PONOMAREV PhD, expert of ANO "Center for Applied Research and Programs", Moscow, Russia

V.L. SHAPOVALOV PhD, Associate Professor, Deputy Director of the Institute of History and Politics, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia

TECHNOLOGIES FOR COUNTERING PROTEST ACTIONS IN BELARUS IN 2020-2021

This article examines the issue of the effectiveness of technologies to counter protest actions used by the Belarusian authorities in countering the opposition during the "slipper revolution" 2020-2021. The methodology of the work is formed by combining elements of structural, comparative and cybermetric analysis. The authors come to the conclusion that the official authorities of Belarus have made a choice in favor of predominantly forceful methods of stopping the “color revolution”. As a result, the political leadership was able to stabilize the existing regime in the medium term. However, at the same time, the authorities completely lost on the media platform, including losing the loyalty of journalists of many state media. The authorities also neglected the use of smart crowd technology. The figure of Alexander Lukashenko has become "super toxic" in the international arena. The methods of struggle he chose turned out to be absolutely unacceptable in the eyes of the international community. The country actually found itself isolated in the international space, Lukashenko was not recognized by the presidents of many countries. The introduction of sanctions against Belarus puts it in complete economic dependence on the Russian Federation. At the same time, Moscow also suffers political costs due to the support of a ruler unacceptable either for Belarusians or for the world community. Alexander Lukashenko's continued stay in power raises a serious question about the possibility of implementing an integration case between the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation. The President of Belarus transfers his reputational costs to the “Union State” project, which pushes away most of the Belarusian society from it. This may soon provoke a new "color revolution". Oppositional public forces of Belarus, suppressed by force, were only temporarily neutralized. Protest sentiments in the Belarusian society dominate, people have the legal consequences of protest, but if the necessary trigger is created, another surge in street activity will occur.

Key words: protests, Belarus, "slipper revolution", "color revolution", non-violent struggle, counteraction.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.035

MOHAMMED ALMUALLEM Postgraduate student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

S.A. BOKERIYA PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

THE ARAB LEAGUE'S FRAMEWORK FOR COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED NATIONS

The article analyses the progress made between the organisations of the United Nations system and the League of Arab States (LAS). Its emergence coincided with the establishment of the United Nations, the only international organization of a universal character and the institutional guarantor of the modern system of international relations. The emergence of the LAS in 1945 was a significant international event that influenced the dynamics of regional relations by giving practical expression to the idea of Arab unity, which was institutionalized region-wide. At the same time, the region was marked by centrifugal tendencies and ethnic and religious contradictions. In this context, the fledgling regional institution was faced with the question of its political survival in the new bipolar system of international relations that was taking shape. Engagement with the UN on a range of issues has become a priority tool to address these needs. This engagement has a rich history, which has allowed us to analyse trends and vectors of cooperation. The research article is based on a historical-chronological approach and institutional analysis of the UN and the LAS activities, using statistical methods to assess the interaction of the two organisations. Based on the analysis, the authors conclude that the dynamics of the UN and the LAS cooperation do not correspond to their full potential. For many United Nations agencies, there is a wide field of interaction within which the United Nations can take steps to improve and expand cooperation with the League of Arab States.

Key words: cooperation, LAS, UN, agreements, economy, security, education and culture.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.036

DOUMBIA AMARA Postgraduate student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia

EU PEACEKEEPING STRATEGIES IN MALI: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS

This article examines EU peacekeeping strategies and approaches to resolve the multi-dimensional crisis in Mali following the Algiers Peace Agreement in 2015.

The conflict is exacerbated by a deep political crisis, the Islamic terrorist threat and the claims of ethnic minorities, the Tuaregs, in particular. In this context, it is relevant to analyze the EU's approaches and mechanisms to stabilize the situation on the African continent, particularly in Mali, in the conditions of the drawdown of the French military presence, the end of Operation Barkhane and the unpredictable trajectory of the multidimensional crisis.

The aim of this article is to analyze EU peacekeeping strategies in Mali from 2012 until 2021. The research methodology is based on a system-historical approach, which helps to evaluate the EU's contribution to resolving the Malian crisis. The analysis of political discourse and key documents has also been used.

The authors conclude that the EU peacekeeping strategy is characterized by a multi-actor approach, shifting the focus from initiatives aimed at developing the socio-economic situation to projects in peace and security in the Sahel region, which is conditioned not only by the availability of valuable resources on its territory, but also by the exacerbation of problems of illegal migration, the spread of organized crime, drug trafficking and COVID-19.

Key words: Africa, EU, Mali, Sahara-Sahel sub-region, Mali crisis, terrorist threat, security.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.037

A.G. KUZYAKIN Ph.D., Humanities Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

INTERACTION BETWEEN RUSSIA AND WHO AS AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN THE EURASIAN SPACE

The purpose of the article is to consider the main components of the interaction between the WHO and the Russian Federation, which determine the health care system of the Eurasian space. The methodological basis of the research was formed by such approaches as the systemic approach and the non-liberalism approach of the theory of international relations. The first made it possible to define the health care system of the Eurasian region as a system in which one of the key functions is performed by such subjects as the Russian Federation and the WHO. The second allows us to talk about the importance of the processes of humanization of the system of international relations, in particular the development of cooperation of international actors in the field of health care. Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the World Health Organization is due to decades of interaction that has been implemented since the inception of WHO. Today, the directions of their joint work are determined in strategic documents and public practice. An important area of such work is the development of the health care system in the Eurasian region, in relation to which the Russian Federation performs the function of a donor country and, with the participation of WHO, provides assistance to neighboring states and sub-regions of Eastern Europe and Central Asia.

Key words: World Health Organization, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Eurasian region, Russian Federation, health system.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.038

NDONGO NLATE JEAN MARTIAL Assistant lecturer at the department of Theory and History of International Relations People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia

THE ONLY CAMEROONIANS: CAMEROON’S FRENCH AND THE BRITISH CONNECTION

The Anglophone crisis broke out in the North West and South West regions of Cameroon in the early 2016 as a result of the longstanding and everlasting ‘Anglophone Problem’ in the country. This crisis that is seriously affecting the economy, politics and society dates as far back as the Independence period and the proclamation of the Independence of the so-called “Ambazonian” state which marked the escalation of the crisis was just the last straw that broke the camel’s back. Measures have been taken to resolve the crisis but these appear to be simple giants with feet-clay without any significant positive impact. This research paper which adopted a qualitative research method with data collected from reports, focus groups discussions and interviews, seeks to demonstrate that, the serious implication of the British Government in the conflict resolution process could have a significant impact.

Key words: Cameroon crisis ,Anglophone , Human Rights , language rights, Regional studies.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.039

Ch.G. SAFAROVA PhD student, Ganja State University, Ganja, Azerbaijan

FACTORS DETERMINING GEORGIAN POLICY OF TURKEY (1991-2019)

Georgia has been one of the most important countries in Turkey's policy in the South Caucasus since the 1990s. The country, which Russia regards as a close security ally, has historically been a geopolitical neighbour for NATO member Turkey, but for 70 years relations have been completely limited. The main purpose of the article is to identify the factors that influenced the formation of Turkey's policy in Georgia in 1991-2019. Given the changing nature of regional geopolitical processes in the studied chronological framework, the factors influencing bilateral relations have also changed. Of course, in order to clarify Turkey's attitude to Georgia, which is part of the Caucasian geopolitical space, first of all, attention was paid to the main directions and principles of Turkey's regional policy. Historical, geopolitical and economic factors were specially analyzed. At the same time, the principles of relations between Georgia and Turkey were discussed.

Comparative analysis, content and event analysis, sociological methods were used during the research.

The conclusion of the article is that the most important factors influencing Turkey's policy in Georgia are economic and geopolitical competition. In addition, the development of these relations is influenced by historical, ethno-demographic factors.

Key words: Turkey, South Caucasus, geopolitics, Georgia, factors.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.040

X. JUN Graduate student, Tomsk State University; Graduate student, Cangzhou Normal University, China

Q. QIURUN Graduate student, Tomsk State University, China

CHINA'S "SOFT POWER" IN CENTRAL ASIA IN 2010-2020

Central Asia is an important link for the implementation of the Chinese overland route of the Silk Road Economic Belt, including because it shares a border with China. In turn, the Silk Road Economic Belt is an important part of China's One Belt, One Road initiative. One of the mechanisms by which China conducts and corrects policy in the region is the so-called "soft power" policy. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that since the adoption of the new OPOP initiative, China has begun to expand all types of ties with the states of Central Asia, trade turnover has increased, as well as a previously unobserved presence in the media space of the region.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the phenomenon of China's "soft power" in Central Asia during the decade 2010-2020. To achieve this goal, several tasks were solved: a description of the history of the development of China's "soft power", the process of the formation of China's "soft power" in Central Asia was considered, difficulties with "soft power" diplomacy in the region were identified. Five main components are identified, proposals and difficulties in implementing larger regional initiatives are presented. As a result of this study, practical recommendations for the development of China's "soft power" in the Central Asian region are proposed.

Key words: Soft power, Central Asia, China, initiative, policy, "One Belt, One Road" (OBOR).

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.041

JIANG JUNJING Postgraduate student of the Department of International relations of the St. Petersburg state University, China

FEATURE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADING RELATIONS WITH TRUMP

The article examines the trade and economic relations between the United States and China. The author gives possible reasons for the difficult situation that is developing between the two countries in this area, noting their political nature. A brief historical excursion to the relationship between the United States and China is carried out, it is concluded that earlier these relationships were more favorable than at the present stage of development. It identifies the methods used by the United States to destabilize the Chinese economy and the measures that were taken by China in response. In particular, it reveals the content and essence of the sanctions adopted by the United States against China, as well as the accusations made against China in the cultural and trade spheres, in foreign policy. The conclusion is drawn that the aggressive US policy towards China was initiated by Donald Trump, and was subsequently supported by Joe Biden. Despite this, China still has strong economic indicators, which clearly follows from the statistics provided in the article. At the same time, the article reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the Chinese economy, which can have a certain impact on the further outcome of the analyzed trade war. Also in this article, the author formulates the conclusion that the United States may subsequently use other means of influencing China and waging a trade war with it, but so far its consequences have not been characterized as disastrous for the country, despite all the losses caused to China.

Key words: USA, China, trade war, sanctions, goods, economy.

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.042

QU QUAN Postgraduate student at the Chair of world politics, Tomsk State University, China

XU JUN Postgraduate student at the Chair of world politics, Tomsk State University, China

POST-EPIDEMIC ERA: THE CHANGING ROLE OF CHINA AND RUSSIA IN KAZAKHSTAN

After the war in Afghanistan, the strategic presence and policy of China and Russia in Kazakhstan have undergone major changes, but the strategic presence of China and Russia continues to grow. Especially after the epidemic, the country advocates a new concept of economic globalization and implements a mutually beneficial and win-win opening strategy, which is also attractive for Kazakhstan. The article highlights the issues of military security, energy, human relations, national image and economic trends after the epidemic. The authors analyze current state of affairs and changes in the two above-mentioned countries in various fields are, and a comparison of their strengths and weaknesses is also provided. The authors note that after the epidemic, China and Russia advocated the "One Belt, One Road" program so that Central Asia could avoid difficulties in choosing sides and permanent teams and could also provide strong support for the development of China and Russia. However, due to the unified industry structure, the coordinated development of industries within the alliance is limited and the problem of building a reasonable and efficient production chain in Eurasia is still not solved.

Key words: China, Russia, Kazakhstan, politics, change.

STUDENT SCIENCE

DOI 10.35775/PSI.2021.81.12.043

Y.V. BARANOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

A.A. LEONOVA Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

PHAM THI MINH HUEN Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia

TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE NORTH PACIFIC

Excessive pollution of the marine environment is currently being observed, which negatively affects both the marine ecosystem and the entire planet. Realizing the scale of the problem, most states have joined international organizations whose activities are aimed at preventing ocean pollution. Visually, the entire body of water on Earth seems to be one continuous body of water, but the ecosystems of each of the developed oceans are colossally different from each other, ranging from biological diversity to the density and salinity of water. This article examines the activities of transboundary organizations involved in the protection of the marine environment, considering the characteristics of a particular marine ecosystem, namely, the region of the North Pacific Ocean (North Pacific). The work includes a characterization of the activities of organizations such as the Northwest Pacific Action Plan, the North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission, the Forum of State Border Authorities North Pacific, as well as an analysis of the effectiveness and efficiency of cross-border organizations.

Key words: transboundary organizations, North Pacific, protection of the marine environment, supranationality.

OUR AUTHORS

AKHANOVA F.ZH. – Master's student of Astana International University (MUA), Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan.

ANANCHENKO A.B. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Director of the Institute of History and Politics of the Moscow Pedagogical State University, Head of the Department of Contemporary Russian History of the Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia.

ANUPRIENKO I.A. – Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

BARANOVA N.S. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Master of Jurisprudence, Associate Professor of International Law of the Buryat State University named after Dorzhi Banzarov, Ulan-Ude, Russia.

BARANOVA Y.V. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

BELOVA L.V. – Student Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia.

BOLTENKOVA L.F. – Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia.

CHITAEV N.E. – Student of the Social and Humanitarian Faculty of the P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute, branch of Tyumen State University, Ishim, Russia.

DOBROMYSLOV A.S. – PhD student оf the Faculty of political sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

DRONOV M.V. – Officer of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

GALDOBINA S.V. – Doctor of Sciences (history), Professor, Professor of department of history, At the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

GLUKHOV A.P. – PhD in Philosophy, Associate Professor of the Department of Economics and methods of teaching economics, Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia.

GONCHAROV A.S. – Bachelor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

GONCHAROVA T.V. – Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Berdyansk State Pedagogical University, Berdyansk, Ukraine.

ILIASOV L.M. – Candidate of Philology, Doctoral student, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Science Moscow, Russia.

IVANOVA T.N. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Cheboksary, Russia.

KRYLOVA E.G. – Graduate student, the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (RANEPA), Moscow, Russia.

LEONOVA A.A. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

MALAKHOV A.A. – Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Potato Research Center named after A.G. Lorch", Moscow, Russia.

MALYAVINA G.I. – Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

MEDVEDEV N.P. – Doctor of Political Sciences, Professor, Editor-in Chief, Scientific Journal “Political Science Issues”, Moscow, Russia.

MORGUNOV K.G. – Graduate student, the Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia.

MOROZOV V.M. – PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Diplomacy, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), Moscow, Russia.

NECHAY E.E. – Candidate of Political Science, Assistant Professor, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

NIKULIN E.R. – Master's student at the Institute of History and Politics, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia.

OBI SYLVESTER – Postgraduate student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

OMELCHENKO E.A. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia.

PHAM THI MINH HUEN – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

PIMENOV D.N. – Adjunct of department of history, At the Military University of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

POKASOV V.F. – Candidate of Historical Sciences Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

RAN LING – The Nizhny Novgorod state Linguistic University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.

SATSUTA S.A. – Candidate of the Department of History of the Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia.

SEMOCHKINA A.S. – Student, Department of History of the Far East Countries, Faculty of Asian and African Studies, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

SHEBALINA E.O. – PhD, Research fellow, Institute for International Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), Moscow, Russia.

SLIZOV A.O. – Master's Student of the Department of International Law Dorzhi Banzarov Buryat State University, Ulan-Ude, Russia.

SLIZOVSKIY D.E. – Doctor of Sciences (history), Professor at the Chair of Russian history, RUDN, Moscow, Russia.

SOSHKO I.A. – Senior Lecturer at the Department of Financial Law, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Cheboksary, Russia.

SYZDYKOVA ZH.S. – Doctor of History, Professor, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow, Russia.

TARASOCHKINA D.D. – Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

TERESHCHENKO O.V. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, professor Stavropol branch of the Krasnodar university of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia, Stavropol, Russia.

TOMINA E.F. – PhD (Pedagogical), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of History of the Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia.

TONKIKH A.P. – Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of Methods of Primary Education and Pedagogical Management, Bryansk State University named after Academician I.G. Petrovsky, Bryansk, Russia.

USHMAEVA K.A. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

VANGRAUA RITA – Postgraduate student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

VLASENKO K.A. – Post-graduate student at the Chair of international relations, North-West Institute of management, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia.

VLASOV A.V. – Postgraduate student of the Institute of Law and National Security Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia.

VOSKOBOINIKOVA K.V. – Graduate, Moscow City University Institute of Humanities, Department of Russian History, Moscow, Russia.

YAGUDINA O.V. – PhD (Historical), Associate Professor of the Department of History of the Orenburg State University, Orenburg, Russia.

ZIMINA V.V. – Student of the Faculty of Physics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute, branch of Tyumen State University, Ishim, Russia.

ZRYAEVA E.S. – Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

OUR AUTHORS

ABDULAEVA M.I. – PhD in History, Senior Researcher Daghestan Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, Makhachkala, Russia.

ALISKHANOVA M.H. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Museology and Cultural Studies of the Kadyrov Chechen State Universitymsh, Grozny, Russia.

BARANOVA Y.V. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

BAZHANOV D.A. – PhD in History, associate professor, Department of Russian History (XIX-XXI centuries), Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

BELOUSOV G.F. – Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian Politics, Faculty of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

BOGAPOVA A.V. – Postgraduate student, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

BOKERIYA S.A. – PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.

BOLTENKOVA L.F. – Doctor of Sciences (law), Professor, Moscow, Russia.

BULATOV I.A. – Candidate of History, Associate Professor, Department of History and Cultural Studies Yuri Gagarin State Technical University of Saratov, Saratov, Russia.

DAVIDCHENKO A.V. – Coordinator of the Social Engineering Agency, Moscow, Russia.

DOUMBIA AMARA – Postgraduate student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.

FALALEEV M.A. – Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

GATSIEVA T.I. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History, Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny, Russia.

GONCHAROV A.S. – Bachelor Institution of Higher Education, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

HASANOV M.R. – Doctor of historical Sciences, head of the Department of history of Dagestan state pedagogical University, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala.

HUSEINOVA D.M. – Postgraduate student at the Chair of history of social movements and political parties, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

IMAMOV M.M. – PhD in Law, Center for Advanced Economic Research in the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia.

JIANG JUNJING – Postgraduate student of the Department of International relations of the St. Petersburg state University, China.

JUN X. – Graduate student, Tomsk State University; Graduate student, Cangzhou Normal University, China.

KARATUEVA E.N. – Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Management of Socio-Political Processes and History of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, St. Petersburg, Russia.

KHADZHIEVA B.M. – Assistant of the Department of Modern and Contemporary History A.A. Kadyrov Chechen State University, Grozny, Russia.

KISILEV K.V. – Post-graduate student of the Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia.

KUZYAKIN A.G. – Ph.D., Humanities Institute, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

LAGAI A.R. – Master of the Department of Public and Municipal Administration, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.

LEBEDEV I.YU. – Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of State Regulation of Economics, Faculty of MIGSU RANEPA under the President of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.

LEONOVA A.A. – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

MACHINA A.A. – Associate Professor, Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

MAGOMEDOVA E.M. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History of Dagestan State Pedagogical University, Republic of Dagestan, Makhachkala.

MAKARENKO K.M. – Senior lecturer, Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia.

MALSAGOV R.A. – Postgraduate student, Department of History of Social and Political Studies Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

MATVEEV O.V. – Academic Supervisor, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of International Relations, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

MOHAMMED ALMUALLEM – Postgraduate student of the Department of Theory and History of International Relations, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.

MUKHAMEDOV R.A. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk, Russia.

NALEDIN I.I. – PhD student, Department of Political Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

NDONGO NLATE JEAN MARTIAL – Assistant lecturer at the department of Theory and History of International Relations People’s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

NECHAY E.E. – Academic Advisor, Candidate of Political Science, Assistant Professor, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

NIKOLENKO A.A. – Graduate Institute of law and administration of the Vladivostok State University of Economics and service, Vladivostok, Russia.

OSIPOV A.V. – Candidate of Political Science, Judge of the Leninsky District Court of Rostov-on-Don, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.

PESHKOVA V.M. – Candidate of historical sciences, senior researcher, Institute of Sociology Federal research sociological center Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.

PHAM THI MINH HUEN – Student Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

PIKALOV D.V. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

PIKALOVA V.S. – Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, Stavropol, Russia.

PONOMAREV N.A. – PhD, expert of ANO "Center for Applied Research and Programs", Moscow, Russia.

POPOV S.I. – Ph.D. in Political Science, Associate Professor, Department of Policy Analysis and Management, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.

QIURUN Q. – Graduate student, Tomsk State University, China.

RESHETNIKOVA L.M. – PhD, computer lab assistant Volgograd State University, Volgograd, Russia.

RUTKOVSKAYA A.M. – Postgraduate student of the Department of Russian History of the Institute of Humanities, Moscow State Pedagogical University, Moscow, Russia.

SAFAROVA CH.G. – PhD student, Ganja State University, Ganja, Azerbaijan.

SEMENIKHINA N.B. – PhD in Economics, Associate Professor at the Department of Accounting, Analysis and Audit, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.

SHANGARAEV R.N. – Ph.D. (Economic Sciences), Associate Professor of the Department of Public Administration in Foreign Policy of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

SHAPOVALOV V.L. – PhD, Associate Professor, Deputy Director of the Institute of History and Politics, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia.

SITDIKOVA N.A. – Student of a bachelor's degree of the department of Political Science, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia.

SMIDOVICH G.S. – PhD Economics, Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.

SOSHKO I.A. – Senior Lecturer at the Department of Financial Law, Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Cheboksary, Russia.

STEPANOVA O.B. – Candidate of Science in History, Senior Researcher, Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, Sankt-Petersburg, Russia.

STRAKHOVA Z.YU. – Graduate student of the Department of History of Foreign Countries and Oriental Studies, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia.

SUSLOV M.G. – Doctor of Historical Sciences (Advanced Doctor), Professor of the Department of State-Legal Disciplines, Perm Institute of the Federal Penal Correction Service of Russia, Perm, Russia.

TALIPOV I.F. – Master of Petroleum Engineering, Master of Business Administration, Master's, Faculty of International Relations and International Law, Department of International Relations, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia.

TYUKOV N.L. – PhD, Associate Professor, Associate Professor at the Department of Socio-Political Research and Technology, Institute of History and Politics, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow, Russia.

URAZGALIEV R.M. – Postgraduate student of the University-wide Department of General and Russian History, Moscow City University, Moscow, Russia.

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